Two New Species of Oxyopes (Araneae: Oxyopidae) from Punjab, Pakistan
Two New Species of Oxyopes (Araneae: Oxyopidae) from Punjab, Pakistan
Muhammad Khalid Mukhtar*
Department of Zoology, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Punjab, Pakistan
ABSTRACT
The Oxyopes Latreille, 1804 is a large genus of spider with cosmopolitan distribution but has not been much studied in Pakistan. Two new species, Oxyopes chenabensis new species, and Oxyopes bidentata new species are being reported from Punjab.
Article Information
Received 02 June 2014
Revised 02 September 2016
Accepted 09 September 2016
Available online 12 November 2016
Key words
Araneae, Oxyopidae, Oxyopes chenabensis N. sp., Oxyopes bidentata N. sp., Spider
* Corresponding author: [email protected]
0030-9923/2017/0001-0149 $ 9.00/0
Copyright 2017 Zoological Society of Pakistan
INTRODUCTION
The spiders of the genus Oxyopes have the potential to reduce insect pest populations in agricultural fields, so they can be exploited as bio-control agent of insect pests (Shivakumar and Kumar, 2010; Butt and Xaaceph, 2015). Moreover, their venom is of much medical importance including the blocking of calcium ion channels (Villegas et al., 2008; Herzig et al., 2011; Vassilevski et al., 2013).
The Oxyopes Latreille, 1804 is quite a large genus comprising 303 species and subspecies with worldwide distribution (World Spider Catalog, 2016). A number of arachnologists from Asia worked on the taxonomy of genus. From Laos (Jäger and Praxaysombath, 2009), Japan (Yaginuma, 1986; Ono and Ban, 2009), Korea (Kim and Cho, 2002; Namkung, 2002, 2003), Phillipines (Barrion and Litsinger, 1995), Russia (Marusik and Kovblyuk, 2011), China (Zhao, 1993; Xie and Kim, 1996; Song et al., 1999; Hu, 2001; Bao and Yin, 2002; Yin et al., 2003; Zhang and Zhu, 2005; Tang and Li, 2012), Taiwan (Lo and Lin, 2016), Iran (Esyunin et al., 2011), Bangladesh (Okuma et al., 1993; Biswas and Raychaudhuri, 2015) and India (Pocock, 1901; Sherriffs, 1951; Tikader, 1965, 1970; Sadana and Gupta, 1995; Biswas et al., 1996; Gajbe, 1992, 1999, 2008; Saha and Raychaudhuri, 2003; Biswas and Ray, 2005; Biswas and Biswas, 2006; Sen et al., 2011; Bodkhe and Vankhede, 2012; Kulkarni and Deshpande, 2012; Dhali et al., 2015; Malik et al., 2016).
The Oxyopes fauna has not been much explored from Pakistan and only nineteen species have been reported up till now. Dyal (1935) reported five species (Oxyopes ryvesii (Pocock, 1901), Oxyopes hindostanicus (Pocock, 1901), Oxyopes rufisternis (Pocock, 1901), Oxyopes raviensis (Dyal, 1935) and Oxyopes wroughtoni (Pocock, 1901) from Lahore, Pakistan. Khatoon (1986) recoreded three species (O. Hindostanicus, O. rufisternis, O. ryvesii,) from Islamabad. Mushtaq and Qadar (1999) found nine species including description of three species (Oxyopes gossypae, Oxyopes campii and Oxyopes oryzae,) from Sialkot and Faisalabad, Punjab. Butt and Beg (2001) described one new species (Oxyopes azhari) from Faisalabad, Punjab. Ursani and Soomro (2010) recorded five species (O. campii, O.hindostanicus, O. ryvesii, O. Oryzae and O.wroughtoni) from Sind. Mukhtar (2013 a, b) described four species (Oxyopes shakilae, Oxyopes machuensis, Oxyopes septumatus, and Oxyopes shorkotensis) from Punjab. So, the purpose of the present study was to further explore this large but little studied genus from Pakistan. In this paper, two new species of the Oxyopes are described from Punjab, Pakistan.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The collected spiders were preserved in 95% ethyl alcohol. The study was done by using stereo microscope. The measurements were done with ocular micrometer and ocular grid was used to make drawings of various body parts.
Permanent glass slides of the genitalia were prepared following Mukhtar (2013b). Epigyne were removed from the abdomen with entomological needle number 1. Male palp was removed from the base by the same needle. Potassium hydroxide pellets were used to clear the extra tissues with epigyne, washed with distilled water and gradually dehydrated by keeping in different grades of alcohol for five to seven minutes in each. After treating with clove oil and xylene, the epigyne were mounted on Canada balsam. Male palp was simply washed with xylene and mounted on Canada balsam using concave slide.
Morphometric characters were used to identify specimens. The related keys, catalogues and literature were used to decide new species. The spination on the legs is given in the following sequence: dorsal, ventral, prolateral, and retrolateral, e.g. spination of femur I = 3 (111) – 0 – 2 (011) – 2 (011). It indicates that femur I has three dorsal spine (one each on proximal, medial, and distal position), no ventral spine, two prolateral spine (one each on medial and distal position) and, two retrolateral spines (one each on medial and distal position).
The specimens and slides were housed in the Museum, Department of Zoology and Fisheries, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
Type material
Holotype ♀, Acacia nilotica, jerring, Mukhtar, 28.7.1996, Pattan Gar Maharaja (near river Chenab), Shorkot City, District Jhang, 30º 50´N, 72º 04´E; allotype ♂, same data as holotype; 1 ♀, 3 Imm Phoenix dactylifera, jerring, Mukhtar, 28.7.1996, Basti Mangan, Shorkot City, District Jhang, 30º 50´N, 72º 04´E.
Description
Female (holotype): total body length 4.8 mm, carapace length, 2.3 mm, carapace width 1.5 mm, abdomen length 2.5 mm, abdomen width 1.3 mm.
Table I.- Length of leg segments (mm) of female (Oxyopes chenabensis, new species).
| Leg | Femur | Patella+Tibia | Metatarsus | Tarsus | Total |
| 1 | 2.6 | 2.9 | 2.2 | 1.0 | 8.7 |
|
2 |
2.2 | 2.3 | 2.1 | 1.0 | 7.6 |
| 3 | 1.5 | 2.0 | 1.4 | 0.7 | 5.6 |
| 4 | 2.1 | 2.1 | 1.8 | 0.7 | 6.7 |
Male (allotype): total body length 4.4, mm, carapace length, 2.0 mm, carapace width 1.5 mm, abdomen length 2.4 mm, abdomen width 1.1 mm.
Cephalothrox slightly elevated and narrow anteriorly, cephalic region yellowish brown, thoracic region orange brown anteriorly and yellowish brown posteriorly, patch of gray leaf like hairs behind fovea, distinctly longer than wide, fovea long and brown. Ocular area yellowish brown, eight eyes in a compact group of four transverse rows with interior black patches except anterior median eyes. Anterior median eyes not visible dorsally, anterior lateral eyes on anterior margin, posterior lateral eyes on lateral margins. Anterior median eyes close, very small, other six eyes forming hexagon are not equidistant; eye formula: anterior lateral eyes > posterior median eyes > posterior lateral eyes > anterior median eyes. Anterior eye row recurved, posterior eye row procurved. Clypeus height large, with paired short setae, black streaks absent. Chelicerae yellowish, broad basally, gradually narrow anteriorly; promargin and retromargin with one tooth each, retromarginal tooth higher; fangs yellowish brown, short, strongly curved. Labium yellowish brown, except basal dark brown portion, with long hairs on apical margin, slightly wider than long, more than half of maxillae, narrow and truncate anteriorly, widest and projected laterally at median position, truncate posteriorly. Maxillae yellowish brown with dense black scopulae, distinctly longer than wide, medially constricted outer lateral margin without setae, somewhat narrow basally, broad apically. Sternum yellowish, margins yellowish brown, distinctly longer than wide, heart shaped, narrow anterior margin straighten, widest medially, strongly tapering between coxae IV. Female pedipalp yellowish with fine hairs and long spines, tarsus single clawed. Male palp yellowish with dark brown tinges on tegulum; cymbium longer than wide, apically long with two spines – one on apical and one on basal segment; embolus long, coiled; conductor curved and tube like; tibial apophysis blunt, not curved; femur with two short apicodorsal and two long dorsal spines; patella with two mid dorsal spines, one long reaching 1/3 length of cymbium; tibia with two long dorsal spines. Legs long, pale yellow, femora without longitudinal dark brown ventral line, femora and tibiae with dorsodistal transverse band. spination on legs: femora I – II = 3 (111) – 0 – 2 (011) – 2 (011), III – IV = 3 (111) – 0 – 1 (001) – 1 (001); patellae I – IV = one short basodorsal, one long apicodorsal, one short retrolateral; tibiae I– II = 2 (101) – 4 (220) – 1 (001), III = 2 (110) – 4 (220) – 1 (001) – 1 (001), IV = 1 (010) – 4 (220) – 2 (110) – 2 (110); metatarsi I – IV = 0 – 6 (222) – 3 (111) – 3 (111). Tarsi three clawed. Leg formula 1243.
Abdomen distinctly longer than wide, anterior margin notched, widest and pointed near anterior end, gradually tapering posteriorly. Dorsum with median longitudinal broad dark brown band extending almost entire length of abdomen; band with anterior margin notched, broad anteriorly and tapering posteriorly, a pair of oval lateral patches on anterior half, five transverse markings on posterior half; paired chalk white area on lateral sides of band from anterior margin to 1/3 length, lateral margins yellowish brown. Ventral side with median longitudinal broad dark brown band running form epigastric furrow to base of Spinnerets, lateral area pale brown. Spinnerets dark brown, short, not projected behind. Epigyne with globular, posteriolateral, diverging spermathecal sacs; spermathecal ducts coil inward; epigynal orifices thin, ovoid, at posterior margin; epigynal plate narrow and projected anteriorly, narrow and scape like posteriorly.
Etymology
Name is derived from river Chenab (collection site).
Diagnosis
Oxyopes chenabensis, new species has been thoroughly checked and compared with already described species of the genus especially to Indo-Pak species. In this species both inner and outer margins of chelicerae are provided with one tooth each. No Pakistani species of the genus Oxyopes so for recorded has such teeth arrangement. Oxyopes biharensis Gajbe and Oxyopes kamalae Gajbe has one tooth on each inner and outer margin but in O. chenabensis sp. nov., inner tooth is higher and bigger than outer tooth that is different from the mentioned Indian species. Labium slightly wider than long, with lateral projections that is also different from Oxyopes biharensis Gajbe and Oxyopes kamalae Gajbe and other described species. Many of other important body characters including gentalia also differs disticntly from O. biharensis Gajbe and O. kamalae Gajbe. So, this new species differs from its congeners due to following characters. Cephalothorax very long, slightly shorter than abdomen. Eyes forming hexagon are not equidistant. Labium slightly wider than long, with lateral projections. Abdomen very short with anterior margin notched, shape and patterns on abdomen differ. Male palp and epigyne also differ from other species.
Type material
Holotype ♀, Ipomoea spp., handpicked, Mukhtar, 8.3.2000, Tariq Hall, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, District Faisalabad, 31º25´N 73º07´E.
Description
Female (holotype): total body length 7.3 mm, carapace length 2.8 mm, carapace width 2.0 mm, abdomen length 4.5 mm, abdomen width 1.9 mm.
Table II.- Length of leg segments (mm) of female (Oxyopes bidentata, new species).
| Leg | Femur | Patella+Tibia | Metatarsus | Tarsus | Total |
| 1 | 2.9 | 3.4 | 2.8 | 1.3 | 10.4 |
| 2 | 2.5 | 3.2 | 1.7 | 1.0 | 8.4 |
| 3 | 2.0 | 2.5 | 3.0 | 1.0 | 8.5 |
| 4 | 2.8 | 3.1 | 3.0 | 1.1 | 10.0 |
Cephalothorax narrow anteriorly, orange brown with two longitudinal patches of gray leaf like hairs on lateral area, two faint longitudinal lines in central area, distinctly longer than wide, fovea long and reddish brown. Ocular area dark brown. Eight eyes in a compact group of four transverse rows with interior black patches except anterior median eyes. Anterior median eyes very small, closer, other six eyes forming hexagon are equidistant; eye formula: anterior lateral eyes > posterior median eyes > posterior lateral eyes > anterior median eyes. Anterior eye row recurved, posterior eye row procurved. Clypeus height large, small black area one anteriolateral sides, two black streaks extend from base of anterior median eyes up to 2/3 length of chelicerae. Chelicerae yellowish brown, broad basally, gradually narrow anteriorly; promargin with two teeth, lower small, upper large; retromargin with two teeth, lower farther low, upper higher than respective promarginal teeth; fangs dark brown, short, strongly curved, with scopulae at base. Pedipalp dark brown, with fine hairs and long spines, single clawed. Labium dark brown with long black hairs on apical margin, few long gray hairs on other areas, distinctly longer than wide, more than half of maxillae, rounded anteriorly, widest medially, narrow and truncate posteriorly. Maxillae dark brown with dense black scopulae, forwardly directed gray long hairs on more than half of anterior portion, distinctly longer than wide, outer lateral margin rounded without constriction, narrow basally, broad apically. Sternum yellowish brown, with long gray anteriorly converging hairs, distinctly longer than wide, heart shaped, narrow anterior margin nearly straight, widest medially, strongly tapering posteriorly between coxae IV. Legs long; femora pale yellow with dorsodistal transverse yellowish brown patch, without longitudinal dark brown ventral line; patellae yellowish brown with dorsal longitudinal dark brown line, other segments dark brown. Spination on legs: femora I = III = 3 (111) – 0 – 2 (011) – 3 (111), II = 3 (111) – 0 – 2 (011) – 2 (011), IV = 3 (111) – 0 – 1 (001) – 1 (001); patellae I – IV one short basodorsal, one long apicodorsal and one short retrolateral; tibiae I = III = 2 (110) – 4 (220) – 1 (010) – 1 (010), II = I (100) – 4 (220) – 2 (101) – 1(001), IV = 2 (110) – 4 (220) – 2 (110) – 1 (010); metatarsi I – IV = 0 – 6 (222) – 3 (111) – 3 (111). Tarsi three clawed. Leg formula 1423.
Abdomen distinctly longer than wide, anterior margin rounded, widest near anterior end, strongly tapering posteriorly, constricted laterally near 2/3 length from anterior margin, posterior end narrow, pointed and triangular. Dorsum mainly chalk white with narrow median longitudinal dark brown band running nearly from anterior end up to more than mid length, band with three paired diagonal lateral arms; lateral area dark brown with two longitudinal darker patches. Anal tubercle dark brown, conical. Ventral side with median longitudinal dark brown band extending from epigastric furrow to base of Spinnerets, sides chalk white. Spinnerets dark brown, both anterior and posterior pairs converging, median small. Epigyne with globular, anteriolateral, diverging spermathecal sacs; spermathecal ducts after coiling outward turns inward and downward; epigynal orifices thin, ovoid, posterior, projecting outward laterally; epigynal plate broad and truncate anteriorly, narrow and rounded posteriorly.
Male
Unknown.
Etymology
Named due to two retromarginal teeth.
Diagnosis
Oxyopes bidentata sp. nov. has been critically compared with all the known species with special reference to the fauna of Sub-continent and found different from all the described species. It has somewhat resemblance with Oxyopes shakilae (Mukhtar, 2013) but can be regarded as new species on following basis. Shape and patterns on cephalothorax differ in the two species. Chelicerae with two teeth on retromargin in O. bidentata sp. nov., whereas O. shakilae (Mukhtar, 2013) has only one retromarginal tooth. Labium and maxillae with long gray hairs; labium rounded anteriorly; outer margin of maxillae without constriction in O. bidentata sp. nov., whereas in O. shakilae Mukhtar, the labium pointed anteriorly and maxillae with outer median constriction. Sternum with long brown anteriorly converging hairs. Abdomen constricted laterally near posterior end, pointed and triangular posteriorly in this new species but neither such constriction near posterior end of abdomen nor abdomen triangular posteriorly in O. shakilae Mukhtar. Spination on legs also differs in the two species. Epigynal plate rounded posteriorly in O. bidentata sp. nov. whereas it is hexagonal with posterior margin narrow and straight in O. shakilae; epigynal orifices posterior, projecting laterally in O. bidentata sp. nov. that differ from the species compared; internal genetalia also differs in other details between the two species. The important taxonomic characters of body parts including genital characters sufficiently differ from other species of Indo-Pak, like Oxyopes wroughtoni Pocock, Oxyopes ratnae Tikader, Oxyopes shweta Tikader, Oxyopes rufisternis Pocock, Oxyopes ryvesii Pocock, Oxyopes kohaensis Bodkhe and Vankhede, Oxyopes boriensis Bodkhe and Vankhede etc, to decide it as new species.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I am highly thankful to Dr B.H. Patel, Dr. Biswas and Dr. Ray Chaudhuri (India) for providing literature and guidance.
Statement of conflict of interest
Author has declared no conflict of interest.
REFERENCES
Bao, Y.H. and Yin, C.M., 2002. A new species of the genus Oxyopes from China (Araneae: Oxyopidae). Acta Zootax. Sin., 27: 720-722.
Barrion, A.T. and Litsinger, J.A., 1995. Riceland spiders of South and Southeast Asia. CAB International, Wallingford, United Kingdom.
Biswas, B. and Ray, R., 2005. Description of three new species of the genus Peucetia and genus Oxyopes (family: Oxyopidae: Araneae) from India. Rec. zool. Surv. India, 105: 37-43.
Biswas, B.K. and Biswas, K., 2006. Araneae: Spiders. In: Fauna of Arunachal Pradesh, State Fauna Series. Zool. Surv. India, 13: 491-518.
Biswas, V. and Raychaudhuri, D., 2015. Lynx spiders of Khulna District of Bangladesh: genus Oxyopes Latreille (Areaneae[sic]: Oxyopidae). Bangladesh J. Zool., 43: 221-238. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjz.v43i2.27394
Biswas, V., Kundu, B., Kundu, M., Saha, S. and Raychaudhuri, D., 1996. Spiders of the genus Oxyopes Latreille (Araneae: Oxyopidae) of Buxa tiger Reserve, West Bengal. Acta Arachn. Tokyo, 45: 53-61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2476/asjaa.45.53
Bodkhe, A.K. and Vankhede, G.N., 2012. On two new species of spiders of the genus Oxyopes Latreille from central India (Arachnida: Araneae: Oxyopidae). Indian J. Arachnol., 1:150-155.
Butt, A. and Beg, M.A., 2001. Description of two new species of spiders of the families Clubionidae and Oxyopidae from Pakistan. Pakistan J. Zool., 33: 35–37.
Butt, A. and Xaaceph, M. 2015. Functional response of Oxyopes javanus (Araneidae: Oxyopidae) to Sogatella furcifera (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) in laboratory and mesocosm. Pakistan J. Zool., 47: 89-95.
Dhali, D.C., Saha, S. and Raychaudhuri, D., 2015. A new litter dwelling Oxyopes Latreille (Araneae: Oxyopidae) species from Jaldapara Wild Life Sanctuary, India. Species, 12: 24-29.
Dyal, S., 1935. Fauna of Lahore: Spiders of Lahore. Bull. Zool. Punjab Univ. Lahore, 1:119–252.
Esyunin, S.L., Rad, P. and Kamoneh, M.S., 2011. A new species of lynx spider of the Heterophthalmus group, Oxyopes iranicus sp.n. (Aranei: Oxyopidae) from Iran. Arthrop. Selec., 20: 125-127.
Gajbe, U.A., 1992. A new species of Oxyopes Latreille and one of Peucetia Thorell from Uttar Pradesh, India. (Aranae, family: Oxyopidae). Rec. zool. Surv. India, 91: 389-393.
Gajbe, U.A., 1999. Studies on some spiders of the family Oxyopidae (Araneae: Arachnida) from India. Rec. zool. Surv. India, 97: 31-79.
Gajbe, U.A., 2008. Fauna of India and the adjacent countries: Spider (Arachnida: Araneae: Oxyopidae). Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata, 3: 1-117.
Herzig, V., Wood, D.L.A., Newell, F., Chaumeil, P.A., Kaas, Q., Binford, G.J., Nicholson, G.M., Gorse, D. and King, G.F. 2011. Arachno Server 2.0, an updated online resource for spider toxin sequences and structures. Nucl. Acids Res., 39: 653-657. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkq1058
Hu, J.L., 2001. Spiders in Qinghai–Tibet plateau of China. Henan Science and Technology Publishing House.
Jäger, P. and Praxaysombath, B., 2009. Spiders from Laos: new species and new records (Arachnida: Araneae). Acta Arachn. Tokyo, 58: 27-51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2476/asjaa.58.27
Khatoon, S., 1986. A checklist of arachnids of Pakistan. Bull. hydrobiol. Res., 1: 645–650.
Kim, J.P. and Cho, J.H., 2002. Spider: Natural enemy and resources. Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology.
Kulkarni, S. and Deshpande, V. Y., 2012. A new species of the genus Oxyopes Latreille (Araneae: Oxyopidae) from Sahyadri ranges of western Ghats. Rec. zool. Surv. India, 112: 35-37.
Lo, Y.Y. and Lin, C. P., 2016. A new record and redescription of Oxyopes sushilae (Araneae, Oxyopidae) from Taiwan. TW. J. Biodiv., 18: 137-144.
Malik, S., Das, S.K. and Siliwal, M., 2016. First description of male lynx spider Oxyopes bharatae Gajbe, 1999 (Araneae: Oxyopidae). Mun. Ent. Zool., 11: 473-476.
Marusik, Y.M. and Kovblyuk, M.M., 2011. Spiders (Arachnida, Aranei) of Siberia and Russian Far East. KMK Scientific Press, Moscow.
Mukhtar, M.K., 2013. Description of two new species of the genus Oxyopes (Araneae: Oxyopidae) from Punjab, Pakistan. Pakistan J. Zool., 45: 1511-1516.
Mukhtar, M.K., 2013. Two New Species of the Genus Oxyopes Latreille (Arachnida: Araneae: Oxyopidae) From Punjab, Pakistan. Pakistan J. Zool., 45: 483-488.
Mushtaq, S. and Qadar, A., 1999. Three new species of the genus Oxyopes (Araneae: Oxyopidae) from Pakistan. Pakistan J. Zool., 31: 255-261.
Namkung, J., 2002. The spiders of Korea. Kyo-Hak Publ. Co., Seoul.
Namkung, J., 2003. The spiders of Korea, 2nd. ed. Kyo–Hak Publ. Co., Seoul.
Okuma, C., Kamal, N. Q., Hirashima, Y., Alam, M. Z. and Ogata, K., 1993. Illustrated monograph of the rice field spiders of Bangladesh. Institute of Postgraduate Studies in Agriculture (Salna, Gazipur, Bangladesh). Japan International Cooperation Agency Project Publication, 1: 1-93.
Ono, H. and Ban, M., 2009. Oxyopidae, Philodromidae. In: The Spiders of Japan with keys to the families and genera and illustrations of the species (ed. H. Ono). Tokai Univ. Press, Kanagawa, pp. 249-250.
Pocock, R.I., 1901. Descriptions of some new species of spiders from British India. J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc., 13: 478-498.
Sadana, G.L. and Gupta, A., 1995. A new species of oxyopid spider from India. J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc., 92: 242-243.
Saha, S. and Raychaudhuri, D., 2003. New lynx spider, Oxyopes Latreille (Oxyopidae) from Buxa Tiger Reserve, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal. Entomon, 28: 321-327.
Sen, S., Saha, S. and Raychaudhuri, D., 2011. New species and new combination of Oxyopes Latreille 1804 (Araneae: Oxyopidae) females from India. World J. Zool., 6: 339-345.
Sherriffs, W.R., 1951. Some oriental spiders of the genus Oxyopes. Proc. zool. Soc. London, 120: 651-677. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1951.tb00670.x
Shivakumar, M.S. and Kumar, D. 2010. Biological control potential of male and female Oxyopes shweta (Araenae: Oxyopidae) against polyphagous insect pest Spodoptera litura. J. Ecobiotechnol., 2: 20-24.
Song, D.X., Zhu, M.S. and Chen, J., 1999. The spiders of China. Hebei Sci. Technol. Publ. House, Shijiazhuang.
Tang, G. and Li, S.Q., 2012. Lynx spiders from Xishuangbanna, Yunnan, China (Araneae: Oxyopidae). Zootaxa, 3362: 1-42.
Tikader, B.K., 1965. On some new species of spiders of the family Oxyopidae from India. Proc. Indian Acad. Sci., 62: 140-144.
Tikader, B.K., 1970. Spider Fauna of Sikkim. Rec. zool. Surv. India, 64: 61- 81.
Ursani, T. J. and Soomro, N.M., 2010. Check- list of spider fauna of Sindh Province, Pakistan. Pak. Entomol., 32: 18-23.
Vassilevski, A. A., Sachkova, M.Y., Ignatova, A.A., Kozlov, S. A., Feofanov, A. V. and Grishin, E. V., 2013. Spider toxins comprising disulfide-rich and linear amphipathic domains: a new class of molecules identified in the lynx spider Oxyopes takobius. FEBS J., 280: 6247–6261. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/febs.12547
Villegas, E., Adachi-Akahane, S., Bosmans, F., Tytgat, J., Nakajima, T. and Corzo, G. 2008. Biochemical characterization of cysteine-rich peptides from Oxyopes sp. venom that block calcium ion channels. Toxicon, 52: 228-36.
World Spider Catalog, 2016. World spider catalog version 17.5. Natural History Museum Bern, online at http://wsc.nmbe.ch.
Xie, L.P. and Kim, J.P., 1996. Three new species of the genus Oxyopes from China (Araneae: Oxyopidae). Korean Arachnol., 12: 33-40.
Yaginuma, T., 1986. Spiders of Japan in color (new ed.). Hoikusha Publ. Co., Osaka.
Yin, C.M., Zhang, Y.J. and Bao, Y.H., 2003. Three new species of the genus Oxyopes from China (Araneae, Oxyopidae). Acta Zootax. Sin., 28: 629-633.
Zhang, J.X. and Zhu, M.S., 2005. Two new species of the spider genus Oxyopes (Araneae: Oxyopidae) from China. Acta Arachn. Tokyo, 53:105-108. http://dx.doi.org/10.2476/asjaa.53.105
Zhao, J.Z., 1993. Spiders in the cotton fields in China. Wuhan Publishing House, Wuhan, China.
To share on other social networks, click on any share button. What are these?
