Quality Assessment of Cottage Cheese Available in Peshawar, Pakistan

Muhammad Muneeb1, Muhammad Ayub1, Sher Bahadar Khan2,*, Amjad Sohail1, Farkhanda Jabeen1, Mumtaz Ali Khan3, Amjad Khan4, Kashif Prince3, Asghar Khan5 and Irshad Ahmad6

1Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar

2Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar

3Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore

4Pakistan Kidney and Liver Institute and Research Center, Lahore

5Department of Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi

6Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar

ABSTRACT

The current study was carried out to evaluate the quality of cottage cheese available in different areas of Peshawar. The aim of the study was to assess the microbial, physiochemical and sensory characteristics of the selected cheeses. We found that cheese selected from Board bazar (40%) were maximally contaminated with Salmonella on MacConkey Agar and minimum were recorded in Tehkal Region (0%). On same Agar high percentage for Escherichia coli was observed in samples from Hashtnagri (40%) and on tryptose agar results were quite high for Salmonella as compared to E. coli. In physiochemical analysis high pH was observed in samples taken from Warsak Road (6.84) followed by Hashtnagri. High moisture content was observed in samples taken from Saddar Bazaar (51.70%) followed by Tehkal Region (50.94%) while the high Ash content was found in Charsadda Road (1.81%) samples followed by Hashtnagri (1.76%). The highest fat content was observed in samples taken from Chowk Yaadgar (17.92%) and maximum protein content was found in samples taken from Warsak Road (25.40%) followed by Hashnagri (24.24%). In sensory analysis the maximum mean score of judges for color, Flavor, Texture and overall acceptability were observed in Board Bazaar (7.97) followed by University Town (7.89) and the minimum values were given to the samples taken from Hashtnagri (7.57). Hence it was concluded that the samples taken from Hashtnagri and Chowk Yadgaar were mostly found contaminated with Salmonella and Escherichia coli and physiochemical properties as well as sensory qualities of cheese purchased from Charsadda road shows good results.

Article Information

Received 06 October 2018

Revised 11 January 2019

Accepted 30 January 2019

Available online 28 January 2020

Authors’ Contribution

MM, MA, SBK and AS designed the study. MM, MA, SBK, FJ, MAK and AK executed the experimental work and analyzed the samples. MM, MAK, Amjad K, KP and IA helped in data analysis and article drafting.

Key words

Cottage cheese, Escherichia coli, MacConkey Agar, Physio-chemical, Salmonella.

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.pjz/20181006071039

* Corresponding author: [email protected]

0030-9923/2020/0002-0687 $ 9.00/0

Copyright 2020 Zoological Society of Pakistan

Introduction

In the past few decades, food poisoning has become a very topical issue and bringing out a great deal of public attention throughout the globe. This is a result of emerging food borne pathogens that cause diseases in different countries. Microorganisms such as Salmonella species, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes are reported as the most common food borne pathogens in many milk and milk product Numerous numbers of microbial pathogens are there to contaminate human food, cheese and other dairy products to cause illness when they and their toxins are consumed. These pathogens include Salmonella, E. coli, aerobes, anaerobes and enteric bacteria (Egbenni and Okolie, 2010).

Dairy products with respect to food borne diseases have great concern throughout the world. In developing countries where milk and various milk products takes place under unsanitary conditions and poor manufacturing practices (Samia et al., 2009). In order to protect public health against food borne infections, there are regulations which require a proper handling of milk, but in developing such regulations are not usually followed, and milk borne health risks become much higher in these countries (Donkor et al., 2007).

Over past few years many of cheese varieties has been produced from many sources and methods. Different cheeses were evaluated for their quality but less research has carried out on microbial, physiochemical and sensory aspects of local cottage cheeses. The aim of current study is to evaluate the quality (microbial, physiochemical and sensory) of cottage cheeses available in Peshawar.

 

Materials and methods

A total of 100 samples were randomly collected from different areas of district Peshawar during the month of June 2017. Ten each from Board Bazaar (BB), University Town: (UT), Tehkal Region (TR), Chowk Yadgaar (CY), Saddar Bazaar (SB), Hashtnagri (HN), Charsadda Road (CR), Dalazak Road (DR), Kohat Road (KR) and Warsak Road (WR). Samples were brought to the microbiology laboratory of Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences and analyzed for pH, ash content, moisture, protein content and fat content.

Media was prepared according manufacture instructions labeled on the packing of the agars (BD, Difco, France). Sterilization was done by autoclaving at 121°C for 15 min. MacConkey (212123) and Tryptose agar (DF0064-17-4) was used and both the strains were determined.

For identification of Salmonella and E. coli, 2 g of cheese sample was added to 225 ml buffered peptone water and incubated at 36°C (± 1°C) for 18-20 h (1st incubation). 1 ml pre-enrichment broth was transferred to 10 ml tetrathionate broth and incubated at 36°C (± 1°C) for 20 h (2nd incubation). 10 µl from of this broth was spread on MacConkey agar plates and incubated at 36°C (± 1°C) for 18-20 h. Appearance of pink colour colony confirms the presence of E. coli in the sample and will produce red rings as indole positive. Typically Salmonella colony is colorless and transparent and do not alter the appearance of the medium. The % positive cases were calculated by the following formula:

Samples were used for the determination of pH, ash and moisture according to the standard method by Association of Official Analytical Chemist (2012). Sensory analysis was done by using nine points of Hedonic Scale of Poste et al. (1977). Statistical analysis of all parameters was carried out through complete randomized design (CRD). Means were separated by using LSD. Statistics was analysed through statistical software as designated by Steel and Torrie (1997).

 

Results and Discussion

Microbial analysis

The % microbial presence on MacConkey Agar media for Salmonella and E. coli was calculated for cheese samples collected from local areas of Peshawar (Table I). Significant difference was found in the 10 selected areas for the presence of Salmonella spp., the highest % presence was found in the samples collected from BB, SB and KR while the samples collected from DR and TR did not show the Salmonella presence. In case of E. coli % microbial presence was significantly different from one location to another; greatest was found in HN samples while UT, CR, DR and KR were found to be free of E. coli. On Tryptose Agar the highest percentage was observed in Hashtnagri (40 %) followed by Sadder Bazaar (20%) and the rest of the samples were found less positive or have shown negative results. While for E. coli maximum prevalence was observed in samples purchased from Saddar Bazaar followed by Hashtnagri and the rest showed negative results for Salmonella. The current study showed positive results for Salmonella. There could be a number of reasons for the presence of microbes in the cottage cheese. Nobili et al. (2016) reported the similar results that poor microbial quality of Italian cheese is maybe due to the poor and unhygienic practices during the preparation of Italian cheese. The results are also in line with those reported by Abdalla and Stafanie (2013) she reported that the presence of these pathogens may be due to internal consistency of these products. Similarly, Momtaz et al. (2013) observed approximately the same results in tap water samples taken from different location Isfahan city, Iran. He further claimed that there is a serious issue of drinking water contamination with Salmonella in Isfahan city.

 

Table I.- Microbial analysis of cheese samples collected from local areas of Peshawar.

Areas	MacConkey agar		Tryptose agar
	Salmonella (%)	E. coli (%)	Salmonella (%)	E. coli (%)
BB	40 a	10b	0b	10bc
UT	10 c	0b	0b	0c
TR	0 d	10b	0b	0c
SB	40 a	20ab	20a	20bc
CY	30ab	0b	0b	0c
HN	20 b	40a	20a	50a
CR	10 c	0b	0b	0c
DR	0 d	0b	0b	0c
KR	40 a	0b	0b	0c
WR	30ab	10b	0b	0c
P-value	0.00E+00	2.73E-02	4.82E-02	4.00E-04
LSD value	0.1288	0. 2424	0.1675	0.2495

Means followed by the same letters in the same column are significantly different at P≤0.05. BB, Board Bazaar; UT, University Town; TR, Tehkal Region; CY, Chowk Yadgaar; SB, Saddar Bazaar; HN, Hashtnagri; CR, Charsadda Road; DR, Dalazak Road; KR, Kohat Road; WR, Warsak Road.

 

Table II.- Physiochemical analysis of cheese samples from local areas of Peshawar.

Areas	pH	Moisture	Ash	Protein	Fat
BB	5.86 f	46.36c	1.64 c	22.70 de	17.63ab
UT	6.38cd	50.94a	1.58 c	23.40 cd	17.12 cd
TR	6.64b	47.97b	1.736 b	23.34 cd	17.39 bc
SB	6.33d	51.70a	1.72 b	23.47 c	16.76 e
CY	6.35cd	45.18e	1.47 d	22.19 e	17.92 a
HN	6.62b	44.93e	1.76 ab	24.24 b	15.80 f
CR	6.50bc	46.09cd	1.81 a	23.85bc	17.01 de
DR	6.11e	45.32de	1.38 e	23.91 bc	17.12 cd
KR	6.16e	39.36f	1.78ab	21.14 f	16.69 e
WR	6.84a	47.56b	1.60 c	25.40 a	16.94 de
P-value	0.00E+ 00	0.00E+ 00	0.00E+ 00	0.00E+ 00	0.00E+ 00
LSD value	0.1655	0.0994	0.0753	0.0483	0.3175

For abbreviations and statistical details, see Table I.

 

Physiochemical analysis

Samples collected from different region were subjected to physiochemical analysis. The data indicated the significant difference for all of the physiochemical parameters (Table II). The highest pH (6.84) and % protein (25.40) were recorded for the samples collected from WR area and lowest pH (5.86) was observed for BB while lowest % protein (21.14) was in case of KR. The highest moisture (51.70 %) ash (1.81 %) and fat (17.92) were recorded in SB, CR and CY, respectively and lowest moisture (39.36 %) ash (1.38 %) and fat (15.80) were recorded in KR, DR and HN, respectively. The statistical analysis shows that the average value of physiochemical parameters obtained from different areas of Peshawar was significant (P<0.05). This data revealed that source of milk has significant effect on the quality of cottage cheese, maximum mean value for pH was observed in WR followed by SB and this finding is justified by Razzaq (2003). He stated that the pH of milk and milk product is the indicator of superiority of milk products. Similar results were found by Khan and Masud (2013). They reported high pH values in cottage cheese prepared from buffalo milk it may be due to coagulating agent and enzymatic actions. The low pH may contribute to the longer shelf life of cheese (Seifu, 2012). It is concluded that pH plays a vital role in taste, coagulation and life span of cottage cheese. The current study concluded with highest moisture from 39.36 to 51.70 to and these outcomes resembles with the study of Khan and Masud (2013). They claimed that due to longer duration of coagulation, the rate of final moisture increases thus concluded that moisture content is influenced by time of coagulation which is important for the increased shelf life of cottage cheese. Similar results were also observed in goat milk cheese by Mercanti et al. (2008); whereas Seifu (2012) has claimed that lower moisture content results in increasing the shelf life. Thus the overall results show that moisture content in cheese has significant effect on various cheese samples. The current study concluded with a highest ash content of 1.381 to 1.815 and these findings are according to the measures of Omotosho et al. (2011), who observed ash content of cheese similar to this current study. Omotosho et al. (2011) concluded that ash content can serve as a mineral part for human beings and may strengthen the brining effect during the manufacturing of the product. The average ash content of cheese in the current study for cow milk cheeses was in favor of Masud et al. (1992). Protein content between the ranges from 21.149% to 25.403% was observed. Athar et al. (2003) also reported the same results. They observed high protein content in cheese prepared from different sources of milk and claimed that protein content is influenced by the type of milk used for cheese production, health status and breed of an animal. This study concluded with a fat content between the ranges from 15.808 % to 17.922%. These findings resembles with the findings of Abd El-Gawad et al. (2007). During manufacturing of cheeses a proper ratio between protein and fat must be retained so that it affects the final properties of the product. When the drain of whey is completed it results in the loss of fats during the process which may be due to higher fat content milk selected for preparation of the cheese (Vishwishwaraish and Ananatakrishnan, 1986) so as a result it is concluded that increase or decrease fat content depend on milk type, source and its final yield (Masud et al., 1992).

Sensory analysis

Cheese samples were analyzed for their sensory parameters. Analysis of the data showed the significant difference for different areas (Table III). The highest color value (7.97), flavor value (7.88) and texture value (8.70) were observed in the samples collected from BB, CR and WR, respectively. The lowest color value (7.57) was observed for HN while the lowest flavor value (7.56) and texture value (7.61) were recorded for BB. The highest overall acceptability value (8.08) were recorded for CR that was statistically similar to that of observed for DR and lowest (7.86) was recorded for UT. The statistical analysis of the data obtain for sensory parameters were significant for different areas of Peshawar was significant (P<0.05). This study concluded with color content between the ranges from 7.57 to 7.97 by the panel judges. These results resembles with the findings of Park et al. (2007) who studied the effect on the color of cottage cheese prepared from sheep milk and cheese prepared from buffalo and cow milk was reported more acceptable and score was range from 6.91 to 7.9. Moreover, the dullness and dry appearance in cheese may be due to the deficiency of fat. Similar results were reported by Boppanna (2007) and Masud et al. (1992) reported that appearance and color of cheese prepared from cow milk is more acceptable as compared to buffalo milk accordingly cheese color is influenced by fat content which decrease the dryness on the surface and increase its good look. Flavor content between the ranges from 7.56 to 7.88 was evaluated. These findings are in parallel with those reported by Soryal et al. (2004) who observed that cheese from goat milk has high score for flavor. He further reported that the FFA free fatty acid produce significantly cheese flavor and aroma. Similar results were found in cheese prepared from buffalo milk (Khan and Masud, 2013). Too much quantity of free fatty acid can cause unpleasant flavor in the final cheese which can lead to aggressiveness to the consumers (Soryal et al., 2004). Our study recorded the acceptability of texture ranges from 7.97 to 7.61. These findings resembles with the results of Masud et al. (1992), who observed the texture of cow milk was extremely accepted over buffalo milk cheese. On the other hand, Karadbhajne and Bhoyarkar (2010) observed that fat, cheese yield moisture content as well as coagulant play vital role in cheese texture. They further reported that cheese texture is influenced by its shelf life. Park et al. (2007) analyzed firmness in low fat cottage cheese. However it is also concluded that cheese texture can be influenced by protein, moisture content, coagulant used, fat quantity and cheese yield. Elastic texture and firmness in cheese is because of low level of fats.

 

Table III.- Sensory analysis of cheese samples collected from local areas of Peshawar.

Areas	Color	Flavor	Texture	Overall acceptability
BB	7.97 a	7.56 e	7.61 c	7.95ab
UT	7.89 abc	7.76abc	7.75 b	7.86 b
TR	7.66 ef	7.77abc	7.8 b	7.88 b
SB	7.73 de	7.85ab	7.74bc	8.07 a
CY	7.83 bcd	7.73bcd	7.74bc	7.97ab
HN	7.57 f	7.81abc	7.73bc	7.94ab
CR	7.87abc	7.88 a	7.75bc	8.08 a
DR	7.94ab	7.71 cd	7.78 b	8.00 a
KR	7.8 cd	7.63 de	7.69bc	7.96ab
WR	7.63ef	7.72 cd	7.97 a	7.93ab
P-Value	0.00E+00	0.00E+00	0.00E+00	4.00E-02
LSD value	0.1299	0.1230	0.1368	0.1725

For abbreviations and statistical details, see Table I.

 

The statistical analysis shows that the average values obtained for overall acceptability cottage cheese taken from different areas of Peshawar was also significant (P<0.05). The overall acceptability of the current study shows cross results with Darke et al. (2009) who observed very low acceptability values in cheese prepared from difference sources. Similarly, Boppanna (2007) observed the same low values in cheese prepared from organic and in organic sources. The study shows similarity to the values shown by Sadia et al. (2015) who observed higher acceptability values to cottage cheese prepared from different sources of milk.

 

Conclusion

From the current study it is concluded that the samples which were purchased from Hashtnagri and Chowk Yadgaar were mostly found contaminated with Salmonella and Escherichia coli on both agars and both the agars showed a good growth response and hereby suggested that may be used in future for further studies. The physiochemical properties of cheese purchased from Charsadda road shows good results among all the cheeses purchased. The sensory qualities (color, flavor, texture and overall acceptability) of the cheese purchased from Charsadda road showed high acceptability among the panel judges.

 

Acknowledgements

The authors are highly obliged to the teaching and laboratories staff of Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar Pakistan.

 

Statement of conflict of interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

 

References

Abd El-Gawad, M.A.M., Reda, A.M.S. and Nagla, A.H., 2007. Quality and properties of low-fat buffaloes Kashkaval cheese. Int. J. Dairy Sci., 2: 244-251. https://doi.org/10.3923/ijds.2007.244.251

Abdalla, P.G. and Stafanie, P.E., 2013. Nutritional composition and chemico-physical parameters of water buffalo milk and milk products in Germany. Milchwiss. Milk Sci. Int., 63: 70-72.

AOAC, 2012. Official methods of analysis, 17th ed. AOAC International, Gaithersburg, MD, USA.

Athar, I., Aziz, H.T. and Akram, M., 2003. Composition of buffalo and cow milk produced in different areas of Punjab province, Pakistan. Pak. J. Agric. Engg. Vet. Sci., 19: 43-52.

Boppanna, N., 2007. Evaluating between organic milk and cheese and inorganic milk cheese based on sensory perception. Int. J. Dairy Technol., 55: 32-39.

Darke, S.L., Lopetcharat, K. and Hardy, M.A., 2009. Comparison of two methods to explloreconsuer preference for cottage cheese. J. Dairy Sci., 92: 5883-5887. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2009-2389

Donkor, E.S., Aning, K.G. and Quaye, J., 2007. Bacterial contaminations of informally marketed raw milk cheese in Ghana. Ghana med. J., 41: 53-59.

Egbenni, U. and Okolie, P.N., 2010. Proximate analysis and microbiological quality of cheese produced from raw cow milk obtained from Fulani settlement in Ogun State Nigeria, using lactic acid bacteria and extract from Sodom apple leaf (Calotropis procera). Pak. J. Nutr., 9: 920-925. https://doi.org/10.3923/pjn.2010.920.925

Harrington, D., Guinee, T.P., Cocoran, M.O., Mulholland, E.O. and Mujllins, C., 2000. The composition and functional properties of commercial mozzarella, cheddar and analogue pizza cheese. Int. J. Dairy Technol., 53: 51-56. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0307.2000.tb02658.x

Karadbhajne, S.V. and Bhoyarkar, P., 2010. Studies on effect of different coagulant on paneer. Int. J. Pharm. Tech. Res., 2: 1916-1923.

Khan, M.A. and Masud, T., 2013. Comparison of buffalo cottage cheese made from aqueous extract of Withania coagulant with commercial calf rennet. Int. J. Dairy Technol., 6: 396-401. https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-0307.12048

Masud, T., Athar, I.H. and Shah, M.A., 1992. Comparative study on paneer making from buffalo and cow milk. Dairy Technol. Lab. Anim. Sci. Inst., 5: 563-565. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.1992.563

Mercanti, D.J., Busett, M.R., Meinardi, C.A. and Zalazar, C.A., 2008. Studies on fast methods for determining the yield in the production of of Argentinean sheep cheese. J. Fd. Chem., 107: 1717-1723. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.10.009

Momtaz, H., Farhad, D.S., Ebrahim, R. and Amin, A., 2013. Detection of Escherichia coli, Salmonella species and Vibrio cholera in tap water and bottled drinking water in Isfahan, Iran. BMC Publ. Hlth., 13: 556. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-13-556

Nobili, G., Franconieri, I., Basanisi, M.G., Bella, G., La Tozzoli, R., Caprioli, A. and Salandra, L.G., 2016. Isolation of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in raw milk and mozzarella cheese in southern Italy. J. Dairy Sci., 99: 7877-7880. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2016-11613

Omotosho, O., Oboh, E. and Iweala, E.J., 2011. Comparative effect of local coagulants on nutritive value, in vitro multi-enzyme protein digestibility and sensory properties of Wara cheese. Int. J. Dairy Sci., 6: 58-65. https://doi.org/10.3923/ijds.2011.58.65

Park, Y.W., Juarez, M., Ramose, M. and Haenlein, G.F.W., 2007. Physiochemical characteristics of goat and sheep milk. Small Rumin. Res., 68: 88-113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2006.09.015

Poste, L.M., Mackie, D.A., Butler, G. and Larmond, E., 1977. Laboratory methods of sensory evaluation of foods. Canada Department of Agriculture Publication No. 1282, pp. 36-37.

Razzaq, S., 2003. Preparation of cottage cheese using Sodom apple (Calotropis procerra) latex as a plant rennet. M. Sc. (Hons.) thesis, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan.

Sadia, R., Mabood, Q.I., Ishfaq, A., Yasser, D. and Zarmeena, A., 2015. Comparative study of cottage cheese prepared from various sources of milk. Proc. Pak. Acad. Sci., 53: 2518-4261.

Samia, M.A., Ahmad, A. Zubeir, M.S., Elowni, I.M. and Ahmad, M.A., 2009. Microbiological and physiological properties of raw milk used for processing pasteurized milk in Blue Nile Diary Company (Sudan). Aust. J. Basic appl. Sci., 1: 3433-3437.

Seifu, E., 2012. Chemical composition and microbial quality of traditional Metata Ayib: A traditional Ethiopian fermented cottage cheese. Int. Fd. Res. J., 20: 93-97.

Soryal, K.A., Zheng, S.S., Min, B.R., Hart, S.P. and Beyene, F.A., 2004. Effect of feeding system on composition of goat milk and yield of Domiati cheese. Small Rumin. Res., 54: 121-129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2003.10.010

Steel, R. and Torrie, J., 1997. Principle and procedures of statistics. MacGraw Hill Co., New York, USA, pp. 137-175.

Vishweshwariah, L. and Ananatakrishna, C.P., 1986. Correlation of the flavor characteristics of Swiss-type cheeses with chemical parameters. Indian J. Dairy Sci., 4: 484-488.