Research Article

Nitrogen Sources Incorporation with different Tillage Implements affects Maize Productivity and Soil Organic Matter

Mehran Ali, Inamullah*, Sajjad Ahmad and Arsalan Khan

Department of Agronomy, The University of Agriculture Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.

Received | October 25, 2017; Accepted | May 14, 2018; Published | June 03. 2018

*Correspondence | Inamullah, Department of Agronomy, The University of Agriculture Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan; Email: drinam@aup.edu.pk

Citation | Ali, M., Inamullah, S. Ahmad and A. Khan. 2018. Nitrogen sources incorporation with different tillage implements affects maize productivity and soil organic matter. Sarhad Journal of Agriculture, 34(2): 478-485.

DOI | http://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.sja/2018/34.2.478.485

Keywords | Maize (Zea mays L.), Tillage implements, Nitrogen sources, Yield, Fertility

Introduction

Maize (Zea mays L.) is a high yielding cereal crop grown throughout the world. In Pakistan it is the third largest cereal crop grown after wheat and rice and the second largest after wheat in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP). Maize contributes 2.7 % to the value added products in agriculture and 0.5 % to the GDP of Pakistan (GoP, 2016). Yield of maize is lower in KP mainly because of lack of high yielding hybrids/varieties, unavailability of quality seed, higher prices of chemical fertilizers, perpetual decline in soil organic matter, a conventionally operated tillage practices, weed infestation and no access to market.

Nitrogen fertilization of maize is an important management practice which plays vital role throughout the life span of crop for higher yield (Ibrahim and Khan, 2017). Maize dry matter production increased linearly with increasing N application (Shaheen and Sabir, 2017, Ali et al., 2016). The increase in N levels up to 150 kg ha−1 increased its availability in soil, resulting in higher uptake by the plant and production of larger leaves, more photosynthesis, and dry matter accumulation (Shahid et al., 2016 and Inamullah et al., 2011), which ultimately gave higher yield and its attributes in maize (Azeem and Inamullah, 2016). In the changing climate scenario there has been increasing interest in incorporating organic manures to step forward towards sustainable food production (Chadwick et al., 2015). Organic material incorporation improved soil aggregation and structural stability and resulted in higher C content in soil aggregates (Yang et al., 2015). However, the kind and source of organic inputs strongly influenced the C accumulation in aggregates. Organic fertilizers are the best option for both to compensate the supply of nutrients and avoid hazardous effects of chemical fertilizers but there is severe problem of weeds infestation attached with it. Organic fertilizer incorporation with suitable tillage implement, will give a hand in use of livestock wastes properly. It also improves soil fertility and other soil physical, biological and chemical properties (Meng et al., 2016; Maltas et al., 2013).

Tillage plays role in proper incorporation of organic fertilizers. It is the mechanical manipulation of soil to enhance its productivity while the sequence of operations that allow handling the soil to produce a crop is referred as tillage system (Inamullah and Khan, 2015). It incorporates organic manures in soil and helps in maintaining good soil tilth. It also improves the availability of water and nutrients present in soil (Zhang et al., 2016). Tillage operations can vary from zero-tillage i.e. less soil disturbance to deep-tillage by MB plough for inversion of soil. The most common conventional tillage practiced in Pakistan involves the use of cultivator and rotavator for seedbed preparation (Ahamd et al., 2009). Consequently, in many areas, conventional tillage practices led to a decline in crop yields and profitability when compared to areas with higher rainfall and improved tillage system. Conventional tillage compact the lower soil layers which adversely affect seed germination and growth of plant (Inamullah and Khan, 2015). Proper attention is required to match different tillage practices with the soil physical condition for developing a methodical approach.

In light of the above generalization, an experiment was performed to determine the influence of a variety of organic and inorganic N fertilizers incorporated with various tillage implements for higher maize yield and soil fertility.

Materials and Methods

Field experiment was conducted at Agronomy Research Farm (ARF), The University of Agriculture Peshawar (UAP), during summer 2016. The experimental site has continental climate and is located at 34.010 N, 71.580 E at an altitude of 359 meter above sea level (Amin et al., 2006). The physico-chemical properties of experimental site are given in Table 1. Metrological data were obtained from weather station located at ARF UAP (Figure1).

Table 1: Soil physico-chemical properties of the experimental site.

The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with split plot arrangement having three replications. Maize OPV AZAM was planted on 18thJune 2016. Tillage implements were used in main plots with total of four types (mould board plough, rotavator, disk harrow and cultivator). Only mould board plough was followed by cultivator while the other implement were used alone. Nitrogen (N) sources were applied to subplots with six types (cattle manure, poultry manure, sheep manure, mushroom spent, mungbean residue and urea). Chemical composition of different N sources is shown in Table 2. Mushroom Spent (MS) is solid waste of edible fungi industry, a by-product of mushroom culture which is potentially an important soil amendment and easily available good source of organic matter. Mungbean residue represents the bulk of the crop biomass including straw, stalk, stubble, trash and husks, which left after removal of the main produce (grain) from the field. A control plot with no N treatment was used as check. All the N sources were incorporated on 29thMay 2016 with implements considered in the study except urea which was applied in two splits, one at the time of sowing and the other at V4 stage. Other agronomic practices including irrigation and weed control etc. were kept uniform in all experimental plots. Plant height was recorded by measuring the height of five randomly selected plants at maturity from ground level up to the tip of tassel in each sub-plot and then average was calculated. Number of grains ear-1 was calculated by randomly selecting five ears at maturity in each subplot. All these five ears were shelled, grains counted and divided by five.Thousand grains were counted with the help of seed counter from each treatment, weighed with the help of sensible electronic balance and reported as seed index. Soil organic matter (SOM) was determined through wet digestion method of Nelson and Sommers (1982). For above ground biological yield, four rows were harvested, sundried for few days, weighed and converted into kg ha-1 according to formula given below:

For grain yield, ears were detached, shelled and grains were weighed with balance. This grain yield was changed into kg ha-1 using the following formula:

The data were statistically analyzed with appropriate ANOVA outlined by Gomez and Gomez (1984) using LSD at 0.05 level of probability using Statistix 8.1 software.

Results and Discussion

Plant height

Data regarding plant height (PH) were significantly affected by tillage implements, N sources and interaction of TI x NS (Table 3). Taller plants (200.4 cm) were produced by plots ploughed with mould board plough which was statistically same with PH of 195.3cm when disk harrow was used. Dwarf plants (188.1 cm) were observed from experimental units where rotavator was used. The reason for significant results with tillage instruments might be increasing soil loosening. Mould board plough shaped an ideal seedbed condition which influenced the growth of the crop resulting in the tallest plants (Dikgwatlhe et al., 2014). These results are in line with Karuma et al. (2016) and Memon et al. (2013) who reported higher PH in improved tillage practices. In case of different N sources, plots fertilized with urea produced taller plants (203.0 cm), followed by PH of 201.8, 201.1 and 199.4 cm observed in plots supplied with N from PM, SM and MS respectively. Among different organic N sources, MR produced short statured plants (190.2 cm). However shortest plants (172 cm) were observed in control plots. This might be due to N application increased photosynthetic activity owing to the adequate supplies of N (Akmal et al., 2015). These results are in agreement with Boomsma et al. (2010) and El-Gizawy (2009) who noted dwarf plants with low N application rate. Various N sources incorporated with deeper tillage instruments (mould board plough), improved its incorporation and nutrient availability which increased plant growth as compared to conventional ones (Figure 2).

Table 2: Chemical composition of the N sources used in the experiment.

Tillage implements and N sources had considerable however interaction (TI x NS) had non considerable effect on grains ear-1 (GPE) of maize (Table 3). Plots ploughed with mould board plough resulted in more GPE (351), which was statistically similar with disk harrow. It was followed by plots tilled with cultivator. However fewer GPE (306) was reported in plots tilled with rotavator. Our results are in line with Shahid et al. (2016), Guan et al. (2014) and Memon et al. (2013) who reported more GPE in plots where improved tillage practices were done. Urea fertilized plots resulted in higher GPE (360), which was statistically at par with PM, MS and SM, that resulted in 351, 339 and 338 GPE, respectively. It was followed by plots fertilized with CM and MR. Lowest GPE (273) were recorded in control plots. Similar results were given by Akmal et al. (2015), and Ali et al. (2010) who reported more number of grains in N fertilized plots compared to control plots. GPE were improved with application of various organic sources incorporated with deeper tillage instrument (mould board plough) when compared to shallower instruments (cultivator and rotavator). Increase in GPE was observed in plots fertilized with CM, PM, SM and control plots when tillage instruments were changed from rotavator to cultivator, disk harrow and mould board plough. In contrast, plots fertilized with urea showed an increase in GPE when cultivator or rotavator used (Figure 3).

Analysis of data showed that both tillage instruments and N sources had statistically significant while interaction (TI x NS) had non-significant effect on seed index of maize (Table 3). Heavier grains (228.8 g) were observed where mould board plough was used, which was statistically similar with seed index recorded in disk harrow used plots. However lower seed index (199 g) was recorded in plots where rotavator was used. Increased seed index was also observed by Shahid et al. (2016) and Anjum et al. (2014) when deep tillage was carried out. Among different N sources urea fertilized plots resulted in higher seed index (226 g) which was statistically similar with PM, SM and MS, that resulted in 221.9 g, 218.7 g and 216.8 g seed index respectively. Plots incorporated with CM and MR produced 213.4 g and 203.8 g seed index respectively. Lowest seed index (192.9 g) was recorded in control plots. Significant positive effect on seed index with N application was also confirmed by Inamullah et al. (2011) and Ashraf et al. (2016).

Table 3: Plant height, grains ear-1 and seed index (g) of maize as affected by tillage implements and nitrogen sources

Tillage implements, N sources and interaction of (TI x NS) had significant effect on above ground biological yield (BY) (Table 4). Plots ploughed with mould board plough resulted in higher BY (10799 kg ha-1), which was statistically similar with plots ploughed by disk harrow. It was followed by plots tilled with cultivator (9915 kg ha-1). Lowest BY (9607 kg ha-1) was observed from experimental units ploughed with rotavator. The increment in BY production could be referred to breaking of subsoil compaction, promoting root development (Guan et al., 2014) and conducive condition due to deep tillage operation (Shaheen et al., 2014). These results are confirmed by Karuma et al. (2016), Memon et al. (2013) and Gul et al. (2009) who reported profound increase in BY of maize with improved tillage operations. Comparing different N sources, urea fertilized plots resulted in higher BY (10680 kg ha-1) which was statistically at par with PM, MS, SM and CM. Plots where MR was incorporated produced lower BY (9937kg ha-1) when compared with other organic N sources. Control plots resulted in the lowest BY (8631kg ha-1). Adequate biomass production might be the consequence of better nutrients uptake (Agbede et al., 2010). These results corroborate the findings of (Mahmood et al., 2017; Ashraf et al., 2016 and Shehzad et al., 2015) who concluded that N application from both organic and inorganic sources had significant positive impact on BY of maize compared with non-treated plots. N sources incorporated with deep ploughing instruments (mould board plough), improved environment in the plant rhizosphere, which increased plant growth and ultimately BY. Increase in BY was observed with the application of MS, PM, CM, MR and in control plots when tillage implements were changed from rotavator to cultivator, disk harrow and mould board plough (Figure 4).

Grain yield

Analysis of the data showed that tillage implements, N sources and interaction (TI x NS) had significant effect on grain yield (GY) of maize (Table 4). Among different tillage implements, plots ploughed with mould board plough resulted in higher GY (3522 kg ha-1). It was followed by disk harrow (3305 kg ha-1), which was statistically at par with plots tilled with cultivator (3207 kg ha-1). However lowest GY (3067 kg ha-1) was reported in plots where rotavator was used. The positive effect of deep tillage on crop production might be attributed to better physical and hydrological soil conditions (Feng et al., 2014 and Mazzoncini et al., 2011). These results were similar to those related by Shaheen and Sabir (2017), Mafongoya et al. (2015) and Iqbal et al. (2013) who reported higher maize GY in deep tilled plots than conventional ones. In case of different N sources, plots fertilized with urea performed relatively better resulting in higher GY (3667 kg ha-1) which was statistically similar with PM, SM and MS with GYof 3507, 3468 and 3450 kg ha-1, respectively. Plots where MR was incorporated produced lower GY (3094 kg ha-1). Lowest GY (2468 kg ha-1) was observed in plots where no N was applied. These results were best supported by Shaheen and Sabir (2017), Shehzad et al. (2015) and Negassa et al. (2003) who demonstrated that the recommended rate of inorganic fertilizers had similar maize yield as with integrated application of FYM along with NP fertilizers. Grains yield was improved with N fertilizer incorporated with deeper tillage instrument (mould board plough) compared to shallower instruments (Figure 5).

Table 4: Grain yield, biological yield and soil organic matter (%) of maize as affected by tillage implements and nitrogen sources

SOM was significantly affected by N sources and interaction (TI x NS) while effect of tillage implements was found non-significant (Table 4). Comparing various N sources, CM fertilized plots resulted in higher SOM (0.76 %) which was statistically similar with other organic fertilizers treatments. Urea fertilized plots resulted in lower SOM (0.61 %) when compared to organic fertilizers. Lowest SOM (0.57 %) was reported in control plots. These results are consistent with Zhang et al. (2016); Ahamd et al. (2009) and Mahmood et al. (2017) who documented that various N sources significantly influenced SOM. Overall negative balance of both SOM when compared with pre-sowing is attributed to exhaustive nature of the crop and N losses. Deep tillage operations improved SOM when compared to conventional ones. Increased SOM was observed in PM, MS, MR, SM and control plots when tillage implements were changed from rotavator to cultivator, disk harrow and mould board plough (Figure 6).

Agbede, T.M. 2010. Tillage and fertilizer effects on some soil properties, leaf nutrient concentrations, growth and sweet potato yield on an Alfisol in south western Nigeria. Soil Tillage Res. 110(1): 25-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2010.06.003

Ahmad, I., M. Iqbal, B. Ahmad, G. Ahmad and N. H Shah. 2009. Maize yield, plant tissue and residual soil N as affected by nitrogen management and tillage systems. J. Agric. Biol. Sci. 1(1): 19-29.

Ahmad, W., Z. Shah, F. Khan, S. Ali and W. Malik. 2013. Maize yield and soil properties as influenced by integrated use of organic, inorganic and bio-fertilizers in a low fertility soil. Soil Environ. 32(2): 121-129.

Akmal, M., A. Shah, R. Zaman, M. Afzal and N. Amin. 2015. Carryover response of tillage depth, legume residue and nitrogen-rates on maize yield and yield contributing Traits. Int. J. Agric. Biol. 17(5): 961-968. https://doi.org/10.17957/IJAB/15.0010

Ali, A., M. Waseem, A. Tanveer, M. Tahir, M. A. Nadeem and M. S. I. Zamir. 2010. Impact of nitrogen application on growth and yield of maize (Zea mays L.) grown alone and in combination with cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.). Am. J. Agric. Environ. Sci. 7(1): 43-47.

Ali, M., H. Akbar, Inamullah and S. Ali. 2016. Impact of row spacing and nitrogen placement on the performance of maize. Int. J. Agric. Env. Res. 2(4): 282-288

Amin, M., A. Razzaq, R. Ullah and M. Ramzan. 2006. Effect of planting methods, seed density and nitrogen phosphorus (NP) fertilizer levels on sweet corn (Zea mays L.). J. Res. Sci. 17(2): 83-89.

Anjum, S.A., Ehsanullah, U. Ashraf, M. Tanveer, R. Qamar and I. Khan. 2014. Morphological and phenological attributes of maize affected by different tillage practices and varied sowing methods. J. Plant Sci. 5: 1657-1664. https://doi.org/10.4236/ajps.2014.511180

Ashraf, U., M. N. Salim, A. Sher, S.U.R. Sabir, A. Khan, S. Pan and X. Tang. 2016. Maize growth, yield formation and water-nitrogen usage in response to varied irrigation and nitrogen supply under semi-arid climate. Turk. J. Field Crops. 21(1): 88-96.

Azeem, K. and Inamullah. 2016. Physiological indices of spring maize as affected by integration of beneficial microbes with organic and inorganic nitrogen and their levels. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 47(21): 2421-2432. https://doi.org/10.1080/00103624.2016.1228951

Boomsma, C. R., J.B. Santini, T.D. West, J.C. Brewer, L.M. McIntyre and T.J. Vyn. 2010. Maize grain yield responses to plant height variability resulting from crop rotation and tillage system in a long-term experiment. Soil Tillage Res. 106(2): 227-240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2009.12.006

Chadwick, D., W. Jia, Y.A. Tong, G.H. Yu, Q.R. Shen and Q. Chen. 2015. Improving manure nutrient management towards sustainable agricultural intensification in China. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 78: 161-167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2015.03.025

Dikgwatlhe, S.B., Z.D. Chen, R. Lal, H.L. Zhang and F. Chen. 2014. Changes in soil organic carbon and nitrogen as affected by tillage and residue management under wheat–maize cropping system in the North China Plain. Soil Tillage Res. 144: 110-118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2014.07.014

El-Gizawy, N.K.B. 2009. Effects of nitrogen rate and plant density on agronomic nitrogen efficiency and maize yields following wheat and faba bean. Am. Eurasion J. Agric. Environ. Sci. 5(3): 378-386.

Feng, Y., T. Ning, Z. Li, B. Han, H. Han, Y. Li and X. Zhang. 2014. Effects of tillage practices and rate of nitrogen fertilization on crop yield and soil carbon and nitrogen. Plant Soil Environ. 60(3): 100-104. https://doi.org/10.17221/820/2013-PSE

Gomez, K.A., and A.A. Gomez. 1984. Statistical procedures for agricultural research, 2nd Ed. John wiley Sons, Inc. New York.

GoP. 2016. Government of Pakistan. Agricultural statistics of Pakistan, 2015-16. Ministry of National Food Security and Research, Economic Wing, Islamabad, Pakistan.

Guan, D., M.M. Al-Kaisi, Y. Zhang, L. Duan, W. Tan, M. Zhang and Z. Li. 2014. Tillage practices affect biomass and grain yield through regulating root growth, root-bleeding sap and nutrients uptake in summer maize. Field Crops Res. 157: 89-97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2013.12.015

Gul, B., K.B. Marwat, G. Hassan, A. Khan, S. Hashim and I.A. Khan. 2009. Impact of tillage, plant population and mulches on biological yield of maize. Pak. J. Bot. 41(5): 2243-2249.

Ibrahim, M. and A. Khan. 2017. Phenology and maize crop stand in response to mulching and nitrogen management. Sarhad J. Agric. 33(3): 426-434. https://doi.org/10.17582/journal.sja/2017/33.3.426.434

Inamullah and A.A. Khan 2015.Tillage systems and implements. In: Agriculture the basics 3rd ed. pp.164-165

Inamullah, N.H. Shah, N.U. Rehman, M. Siddiq and Z. Khan. 2011. Phenology, yields and their correlations in popular local and exotic maize hybrids at various nitrogen levels. Sarhad J. Agric. 27(3): 363- 369.

Iqbal, M., A.G. Khan, A.U. Hassan and K.R. Islam. 2013. Tillage and nitrogen fertilization impact on irrigated corn yields, and soil chemical and physical properties under semiarid climate. J. Sustain. Watershed Sci. Manage. 1(3): 90-98. https://doi.org/10.5147/jswsm.v1i3.140
https://doi.org/10.5147/jswsm.2013.0125

Karuma, A.N., C.K. Gachene, P.T. Gicheru, P.W. Mtakwa and N. Amuri. 2016. Effects of tillage and cropping systems on maize and beans yield and selected yield components in a semi-arid area of Kenya. Trop. Subtrop. Agroecosyst. 19(2): 167 – 179.

Mafongoya, P., O. Jiri and M. Phophi. 2015. Evaluation of tillage practices for maize (Zea mays) grown on different land-use systems in Eastern Zambia. Sustainable Agric. Res. 5(1): 10-23. https://doi.org/10.5539/sar.v5n1p10

Mahmood, F., I. Khan, U. Ashraf, T. Shahzad, S. Hussain, M. Shahid, M. Abid and S. Ullah. 2017. Effects of organic and inorganic manures on maize and their residual impact on soil physico-chemical properties. J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr. 17(1): 22-32. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-95162017005000002

Maltas, A., R. Charles, B. Jeangros and S. Sinaj. 2013. Effect of organic fertilizers and reduced-tillage on soil properties, crop nitrogen response and crop yield: Results of a 12-year experiment in Changins, Switzerland. Soil Tillage Res. 126: 11-18.

Mazzoncini, M., T.B. Sapkota, P. Bárberi, D. Antichi and R. Risaliti. 2011. Long-term effect of tillage, nitrogen fertilization and cover crops on soil organic carbon and total nitrogen content. Soil Tillage Res. 114: 165–174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2011.05.001

Memon, S.Q., M.S. Mirjat, A.Q. Mughal and N. Amjad. 2013. Effect of conventional and non-conventional tillage practices on maize production. Pak. J. Agric. Agric. Eng. Vet. Sci. 29: 155-163.

Meng, L., W. Ding and Z. Cai. 2005. Long-term application of organic manure and nitrogen fertilizer on N2O emissions, soil quality and crop production in a sandy loam soil. Soil Biol. Biochem. 37:2037–2045. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2005.03.007

Negassa, W., K. Negisho, D.K. Friesen, J. Ransomand and A. Yadessa. 2002. Determination of optimum farmyard manure and NP fertilizer for maize under the farmers’ conditions. pp. 387-393. In: Proceeding of 7thEast and South African Regional Maize Conference, 11-15thFebruary 2002, Nairobi, Kenya.

Nelson, D.W. and L.E. Sommer. 1996. Total C, organic C and organic matter. In: D.L. Spark (ed.). Method of soil analysis. Part 3. Am. Soc. Agron. 34: 961-1010.

Shaheen, A. and N. Sabir. 2017. Effect of tillage, residue and fertilizer on yields within a wheat-maize cropping system. Sarhad J. of Agric. 33(1) 127-138. https://doi.org/10.17582/journal.sja/2017.33.1.127.138

Shaheen, A., N. Sabir and M. Zafar. 2014. Effect of tillage and integrated nutrient management practices on yield and water use efficiency of wheat under sub-humid conditions. Asian J. Agric. Biol. 2(2):96-104.

Shahid, M.N., M.S.I. Zamir, I.U. Haq, M.K. Khan, M. Hussain, U. Afzal and I. Ali. 2016. Evaluating the impact of different tillage regimes and nitrogen levels on yield and yield components of maize (Zea mays L.). Am. J. Plant Sci. 7(6): 789-796. https://doi.org/10.4236/ajps.2016.76073

Shahzad, K., A. Khan, J.U. Smith, M. Saeed and S.A. Khan, 2015. Response of maize to different nitrogen sources and tillage systems under humid subtropical conditions. J. Anim. Plant Sci. 25(1): 189-198.

Shahzad, K., A. Khan, J.U. Smith, M. Saeed, S.A. Khan and S.M. Khan. 2015. Residual effects of different tillage systems, bioslurry and poultry manure on soil properties and subsequent wheat productivity under humid subtropical conditions of Pakistan. Int. J. Biosci. 6(11): 99-108. https://doi.org/10.12692/ijb/6.11.99-108

Yang, Z.C., N. Zhao, F. Huang and Y.Z. Lu. 2015. Long-term effects of different organic and inorganic fertilizer treatments on soil organic carbon sequestration and crop yields in the North China Plain. Soil Tillage Res. 146: 47–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2014.06.011

Zhang, Y., C. Li, Y. Wang, Y. Hu, P. Christie, J. Zhang and X. Li. 2016. Maize yield and soil fertility with combined use of compost and inorganic fertilizers on a calcareous soil in the North China Plain. Soil Tillage Res. 155: 85-94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2015.08.006