Molecular and Serological Detection of Avian Influenza H9N2 Virus in Asymptomatic Commercial Layers in Faisalabad District, Punjab

Hira Akhter1, Bilal Aslam2*, Naveed Shahzad3, Tanzeela Farooq4, Muhammad Umer5 and Muhammad Hidayat Rasool2

1Institute of Microbiology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad

2Department of Microbiology, Government College University, Allama Iqbal Road, Faisalabad

3School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Quaid-I-Azam Campus, Lahore

4Department of Anatomy and Histology, Baqai Veterinary College, Karachi

5National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Jhang Road, Faisalabad

ABSTRACT

The present study aimed at measuring the antibody titres against H9N2 influenza viruses and its molecular detections in asymptomatic commercial layers from Faisalabad district of Punjab, Pakistan. Overall 120 blood samples, 24 tissue samples from each organ (trachea, lung and intestine) were collected from the 12 commercial layer flocks selected randomly at the age of 35-50 weeks without any direct clinical manifestation of avian influenza. Serum collected from 120 birds was tested for antibodies against H9N2 by using Haemagglutination Inhibition assay. Calculated geometric mean titers of 5.37 revealed the infectivity of the flock with H9N2 Influenza virus. To investigate the presence of virus in the study population, trachea, lung and intestine tissue samples were processed for RNA isolation and subjected to molecular detection of H9 gene of H9N2 subtypes using one step Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR). Out of 24 samples taken from each organ, 22, 21, and 18 samples from trachea, lungs, and intestine showed viral RNA, respectively. Taken together, results showed that the H9N2 is endemic and widely distributed in asymptotic layers. Furthermore results indicated that H9N2 subtype may survive in layers without showing any symptoms.

Article Information

Received 7 May 2016

Revised 4 July 2016

Accepted 16 July 2016

Available online 28 November 2016

Authors’ Contributions

BA designed the study and wrote the article. HA executed experimental work. TF collected samples and their data. NS performed molecular characterization. MHR validated immunological data. MU helped in manuscript preparation.

Key words

Avian influenza, Low pathogenic H9N2 subtype, RT-PCR, Haemagglutination inhibition test.

* Corresponding author: drbilalaslam@gcuf.edu.pk

0030-9923/2017/0001-0395 $ 9.00/0

Copyright 2017 Zoological Society of Pakistan

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.pjz/2017.49.1.sc6

Avian influenza is an important poultry disease caused by the avian influenza type A viruses which infect naturally wild aquatic birds however these viruses can also infect domestic poultry, animals, and humans (Bonfante et al., 2013). Large scale outbreaks of avian influenza during last few decades have caused significant losses to the poultry across the world (Tanner et al., 2015; Lee and Song, 2013). Based on their ability to cause disease, Avian influenza viruses (AIV) are classified into high and low pathogenic groups. Infection with highly pathogenic AIV such as H5N1 results in high mortality among some poultry species, while low pathogenic AIV produce mild clinical signs including swelling of periorbital tissues and sinuses and typical respiratory discharge (Nili and Asasi, 2003). The intensity of disease varies between broilers, layers and broiler-breeder flocks. Although not fatal, low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) subtypes contribute to significant losses such as decrease in egg production and growth in layers and broilers respectively (Lee and Song, 2013). H9N2 is a low pathogenic subtype of AIV that was described for the first time in a layer farm at Tehran in 1998 (Vasfi and Bozorgmehrifard, 1999). Since then various outbreaks of this subtype have been reported around the world (Richard et al., 2015; Sun and Liu, 2015). Notably, H9N2 were frequently isolated from China and latter on endemic infection of H9N2 was reported in Asian courtiers. In Pakistan, this AIV subtype was first isolated from a poultry flock of northern areas (Khawaja et al., 2005). Later on, the commercial layers in central Punjab have been primarily affected with serotype H9N2 of AIV (Naeem et al., 2007; Sohaib et al., 2010).

Although, H9N2 prevalence in various regions of Pakistan has been studied previously, most of the studies targeted birds with already established clinical symptoms of infection. Likewise most of these investigations have been conducted during various AIV outbreaks in the country. However, as it has previously been shown that H9N2 can cause subclinical infection which might lead to substantial economic losses, it is imperative to study the prevalence in apparently healthy flocks. Such a study can also prove to be useful in surveillance of an imminent outbreak. To the best of our knowledge, no such studies have so far been conducted in Pakistan.

The isolation of virus by inoculating in the embryonated egg is considered as a gold standard for confirmation of virus. However, this method is not very sensitive (Swayne, 1997). On the other hand, molecular detection methods such as RT-PCR have proven to be more sensitive and specific. The present study was carried out with the aim to measure the antibody titer against serotype H9N2 and to investigate the presence of virus by detecting the H9 gene of H9N2 subtypes using RT-PCR in asymptomatic commercial layers from Faisalabad district of Punjab, Pakistan.

Materials and methods

A total of 120 blood samples (10 samples from each flock) and 24 tissue samples (Trachea, lungs, and Intestine) were collected randomly from various layer flocks reared in Faisalabad district of Pakistan. For serum collection, 1 ml blood was taken from the wing vein by using appropriate syringe. Serum was isolated from clots by centrifuging at 4000 rpm/m for 10 min. For tissue collection, birds were slaughtered and then trachea, Intestines and lungs were aseptically removed. Rinsed in tap water and immediately transported to the lab of in cold conditions for further processing.

To test the presence of H9N2 specific antibodies in the serum, Hemagglutination Inhibition (HI) test was performed in V-bottom shaped 96-well microtiter plates. The NOBILIS Influenza H9N2 Vaccine virus (Novus International® USA) was used in the study along with 1% of chicken erythrocytes according to standard protocol (Swayne, 1997). The antibody titer was calculated according to the last well reading which showed the complete inhibition of haemaggutinin activity induced by the H9N2 subtype used in the study.

For RT-PCR analysis trachea, lung, and intestine samples were processed for RNA extraction according to Mannhalter et al. (2000). The RNA pellet was solubilized in 50µl of DEPC treated water. Its quality and quantity was measured by using NanoDrop®.

The RT-PCR was performed to amplify H9 specific 808-bp fragment of avian influenza virus using Forward 5’- AGCAAAAGCAGGGGAACTCC-3’Reverse 3’- CCATACCATGGGGCAATTAG-5’ primers as describe by Dybkaer et al. (2004). The 50µl reaction mixture was prepared by adding 25µl QuickTM Master Mix, 1µl (5u) of AMV Reverse Transcriptase (Sigma, USA), 5µl RNA template, 1µl of 1.0µM upstream and downstream primers. The conditions used in one step RT-PCR were include reverse transcription with the Incubation at 45°C for 45 min, initial denaturation at 95°C for 5 min, and 40 cycle each of 95°C for 40 sec, annealing at 56°C for 1 min, primer extension at 72°C for 30 sec followed by final extension at 72°C for 10 min. The amplified PCR products were visualized on 0.8% agarose gel, stained with ethidium bromide.

Results and discussion

The results of the investigation revealed that overall seroprevelance was 60% (72/120) and geometric mean titer of 5.37 (Table I) indicating the natural exposure of the flocks to the H9N2 subtype of avian influenza Virus. The positive results showed the amplification of 808 bp fragment of H9 from H9N2 subtype (Fig. 1). Out of 24 tissue samples each from trachea, lung, and intestine samples tested, 92% (22/24), 88% (21/24), 75% (18/24) were found positive, respectively. The results reveal the presence of live virus in the asymptomatic birds. Moreover, results show that the respiratory tract is the preferred path of virus multiplication.

Table I.- Seroprevelance and antibody titer against H9N2 AIV in asymptomatic layer flock. The table shows seroprevelance and antibody titer against H9N2 AIV in asymptomatic layer flock tested by HI. The results are presented as geometric mean titer GMT of log 2 titers.

In Asia, prevalence of H9N2 has been established since 1990 (Guan et al., 1999). This virus belongs to LPAI group and is associated with mild infection in poultry. On the other hand, in the presence of opportunistic pathogens it may cause severe morbidity and sometimes leads to death (Huang et al., 2015). The pproposed study was conducted with the objectives of the estimation of antibodies against H9N2 and confirmation of the virus in asymptomatic commercial layers of various flocks located in district Faisalabad, Punjab by using RT-PCR.

In the current study, we collected samples from randomly selected 12 layer flocks with the age of 35-50 weeks. These flocks were apparently healthy and had no signs and symptoms of avian influenza. Results of HI revealed 60% seroprevalence with a GMT of 5.37. It indicates the birds were naturally exposed to H9N2 AIV. Natural exposure to the virus may be due to the risk factors associated with the environment which include the rearing of the domestic poultry in the vicinity of layer farms, because the prevalence of AI in domestic poultry and its transmission through aerosol has been established (Alexander, 2007).

Presence of H9N2 was further verified by RT-PCR based molecular detection of viral RNA in various organs of birds. RT-PCR results showed a surprisingly high prevalence of live virus; 92 % trachea, 88% lungs and 75% intestine samples were found positive for H9N2 RNA. Kwon et al. (2008) reported the detection of AIV A/Chicken/HS/K5/01(H9N2) in various organs including bursa, spleen, kidneys, lungs and trachea. It has also been observed that H9N2 has the ability to stay in various tissues like spleen and kidneys of the commercial layers (Lee et al., 2007; Mosleh et al., 2009). Results of the present study are also in accordance with a study conducted by Shamseddini et al. where the researchers detected H9N2 of Iranian origin in numerous tissues include lungs, trachea and kidneys (Shamseddini et al., 2002).

In conclusion, results of the present study show that the healthy layer flocks can be naturally exposed to AIV H9N2. Furthermore, our findings affirm the fact that AIV is disseminated to various body organs. In continuation of this study prospective studies should be planned with the objective of screening of all poultry population and live poultry markets (LPMs) as well with special reference to AIV at national level.

Acknowledgments

We appreciate the National Agriculture Research Council for the permission to use their laboratory facilities.

Statement of conflict of interest

Authors have declared no conflict of interest.

References

Alexander, D.J., 2007. Vaccine, 25: 5637–5644. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.10.051

Bonfante, F., Patrono, L.V., Aiello, R., Beato, M.S., Terregino, C. and Capua, I., 2013. Vet. Microbiol., 165: 177–183. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.03.014

Dybkaer, K., Munch, M., Handberg, K.J. and Jorgensen, P.H., 2004. J. Virol. Methods, 119: 151-158. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jviromet.2004.03.014

Guan, Y., Shortridge, K.F., Krauss, S. and Webster, R.G., 1999. Proc. natl. Acad. Sci., 96: 9363–9367. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.96.16.9363

Huang, Y., Zhang, H., Li, X., Hu, S., Cai, L., Sun, Q., Li, W., Deng, Z., Xiang, X., Zhang, H., LI, F. and Gao, L., 2015. PLoS One, 10: 1-12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0140812

Khawaja, J.Z., Naeem, K., Ahmed Z. and Ahmed, S., 2005. Int. J. Poult. Sci., 4: 39-43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/ijps.2005.39.43

Kwon, J.S., Lee, H.J., Lee, D.H., Lee, Y.J., Mo, I.P., Nahm, S.S., Kim, M.J., Lee, J.B., Park, S.Y., Choi, I.S. and Song, C.H.S., 2008. Virus Res., 133: 187-194. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2007.12.019

Lee, Y.J., Shin., J.Y., Song, M.S., Lee, Y.M., Choi, J.G., Lee, E.K., Jeong, O.M., Sung, H.W., Kim, J.H., Kwon, Y.K., Kwon, J.H., Kim, C.J., Webby, R.J., Webster, R.G. and Choi, Y.K., 2007. Virology, 359: 313-323. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.virol.2006.09.025

Lee, D.H. and Song, C.S., 2013. Clin. exp. Vaccine Res., 2: 26–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.7774/cevr.2013.2.1.26

Mannhalter, C., Koizar, D. and Mitterbauer, G., 2000. Clin. Chem. Lab. Med., 38: 171-177. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/CCLM.2000.026

Mosleh, N., Dadras, H. and Mohammadi, A., 2009. Iran. J. Vet. Res., 10: 12-20.

Naeem, K., Siddique, N., Ayaz, M. and Jalalee, M.A., 2007. Avian Dis., 51: 189-193. http://dx.doi.org/10.1637/7617-042506R.1

Nili, H. and Asasi, K., 2003. Avian Dis., 47: 828-831. http://dx.doi.org/10.1637/0005-2086-47.s3.828

Shamseddini, M.V., Marandi, M., Pourbakhsh, S.A., Gharagozlo, M., Bahmani-nejad, M. and Khazraee-NIA, P., 2002. Arch, Razi Inst., 53: 11-21.

Swayne, D.E., 1997. Vet. Pathol., 7: 557-567. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030098589703400603

Richard, M., Herfst, S., van den Brand, J. M., Lexmond, P., Bestebroer, T.M., Rimmelzwaan, G.F., Koopmans, M., Kuiken, T. and Fouchier, R.A., 2015. PLoS One, 10: e0129827. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0119034

Sohaib, M., Siddique, M., Muhammad, K., Rabbani, M., Altaf, I. and Hanif A., 2010. Prevalence of avian influenza virus (H5) in poultry layer flocks in and around Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. Pakistan J. Zool., 42: 325-329.

Sun, Y. and Liu, J., 2015. Protein Cell, 6: 18–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13238-015-0145-5

Swayne, D.E. and Halvorson, D.A., 2008. In: Disease of poultry (eds. Y.M. Saif, H.J. Barnes, A.M. Fadl, J.R. Glisson, L.R McDougald, and D.E. Swayne). 12th Edn. Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa, pp. 153-184.

Tanner, W.D., Toth, D. J.A. and Gundlapalli, A.V., 2015. Epidemiol. Infect., 143: 3359–3374. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0950268815001570

Vasfi, M.M. and Bozorgmehrifard, M.H., 1999. An outbreak of non-highly pathogenic avian influenza in chickens in Iran. Proceedings of 61st meeting of world veterinary association. France.