Grain Yield and Critical Yield Determining Component of Bread Wheat Varieties in Response to Sowing Dates

Hide Journal Menu

<< Previous Article

Current Issue

Next Article >>

PJAR_33_3_550-560

Research Article

Grain Yield and Critical Yield Determining Component of Bread Wheat Varieties in Response to Sowing Dates

Javed Iqbal1, Ali Zohaib1*, Muzzammil Hussain1, Iftikhar Ahmad1, Adnan Bashir1, Wardah Muzaffer2, Naeem Faisal1, Muhammad Tahir Latif1 and Sami Ullah1

1Adaptive Research Farm, Gujranwala 52200, Pakistan; 2Sugarcane Research Institute, Ayub Agricultural Research Institute, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan.

Abstract | Climate change has affected optimum sowing time of wheat and yield formation by fluctuation in temperature regimes during sowing season of crop. However, different varieties could differ in their potential for yield formation in response to sowing time. This 3-years study was conducted to ascertain impact of sowing dates on grain yield and critical yield component of different wheat varieties. Wheat varieties (Lasani-08, Faislabad-08, Millat-11, AARI-11 and Punjab-11) were sown on different sowing dates (November 01, November 15, November 30 and December 15). Yield and related traits of all varieties were decreased by delayed sowing. Early sown crop (November 01) had maximum emergence which decreased gradually with delayed sowing. Tillers m-2, grain weight, grains per spike and yield of all varieties was greater on November 15 sowing and decreased by sowing afterwards (November 30 - December 15). Although Lasani-08 and Punjab-11 both were high yielders but grain yield of AARI-11 was least affected by sowing time. Linear regression revealed that sowing time manifested negative relations with emergence and grain weight of wheat varieties indicating them the most affected traits in response to temporal variation in sowing. Sowing time had negative relation with number of tillers for only Lasani-08 and Punjab-11, while non-significant relation with grains per spike. Nonetheless, tillers m-2 and grains per spike were correlated positively with wheat yield indicating them most crucial yield imparting traits. In conclusion, wheat sowing on November 15 produced maximum yield; and number of tillers was critical yield determining component followed by grains number per spike in response to sowing dates.

Received | April 17, 2020; Accepted | July 03, 2020; Published | August 01, 2020

*Correspondence | Ali Zohaib, Adaptive Research Farm, Gujranwala 52200, Pakistan; Email: alizohaib208@gmail.com

Citation | Iqbal, J., A. Zohaib, M. Hussain, I. Ahmad, A. Bashir, W. Muzaffer, N. Faisal, M.T. Latif and S. Ullah. 2020. Grain yield and critical yield determining component of bread wheat varieties in response to sowing dates. Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Research, 33(3): 550-560.

DOI | http://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.pjar/2020/33.3.550.560

Keywords | Grain yield, Sowing time, Varieties, Wheat, Yield formation

Introduction

High temperature is becoming an important limiting factor for crop productivity especially under the changing climate scenario and is projected to be increased up to 1.5-4.5 ˚C by 2050 (Houghton et al., 2001). Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) productivity is greatly influenced by temporal variation in sowing in rice-wheat cropping system in South Asian countries owing to variability in temperature regimes with respect to its phenophases (Fujisaka et al., 1994; Hussain et al., 2012a). Critical dates of wheat sowing than optimum exposes the crop to temperature extremes and consequences in altered heat unit accumulation and photoperiod which becomes limiting factor for yield (Arduini et al., 2009). This necessitates that management practices viz. time of sowing and selection of appropriate variety which could impose negative or positive effects on yield and yield formation must be studied for making better decisions (Sacks et al., 2010; Tapley et al., 2013).

Wheat sowing at optimum time is requisite to obtain high yield and potential benefits. Early sowing than optimum sowing time of wheat ensures better emergence and crop stand establishment; however, tiller production could decrease due to fluctuation in temperature and spike density in a defined area owing to inter-tiller competition (Hussain et al., 2012a; Tapley et al., 2013). Moreover, frost injury during anthesis could negatively influence the grains number per spike in too early sown wheat crop. On the other hand, late sowing negatively influences the stand establishment because of prevailing low temperature and decreases tillering capacity of plants (Farooq et al., 2008; Akhtar et al., 2012). Furthermore, heat stress during the anthesis as well as grain formation stage induces reduction in grains per spike by decreasing pollen viability and grain weight due to shortened duration and reduced grain filling rate (Prasad et al., 2008; Mohammed and Tarpley, 2010). In previous studies it has been reported that late sowing decreases emergence, tiller density, and grains number and weight of wheat ultimately decreasing grain yield (Wajid et al., 2004; Prasad et al., 2008; Akhtar et al., 2012; Tahir et al., 2019).

Proper selection of variety appropriate for specific sowing time is crucial to acquire high yield under the changing climatic conditions. Different varieties of wheat differ in their growth habit and yield formation with respect to sowing time and prevailing climatic conditions (Karim et al., 1999; Sandhu et al., 2019). The temperature is major factor which affects the wheat growth and productivity and requirement of temperature and/or growing degree days differ for different varieties (Hussain et al., 2012a). Sowing time influences the crop productivity mainly due to fluctuation in temperature and duration of growth period (Sandhu et al., 2019). For instance, higher yield could be achieved by early sowing of late maturing variety (Gomez-MacPherson and Richards, 1995); however, delayed sowing of late maturing variety results in decreased tillers due to shortening of growing period, and grains number and weight because of high temperature prevailing during anthesis and grain formation (Silva et al., 2014). Previous studies have reported differential responses of different varieties of wheat to sowing time (Bassu et al., 2010; Bagulho et al., 2015; Luo et al., 2018).

Grain yield of wheat could be divided into individual yield components of the tiller density, grain weight and number per spike. However, controversy exists regarding cruciality of different yield forming components in yield determination under the influence of different ecological and management factors (Thorne and Wood, 1987; Blue et al., 1990; Arduini et al., 2009; Friend, 2011). Sowing time substantially affects yield traits of wheat due to variation in temperature regarding various growth stages of crop (Sun et al., 2007; Bassu et al., 2010; Hussain et al., 2012a); however, clear understanding is required whether which yield component could become the crucial for determination of yield in response to sowing time for proper management decisions (Ortiz-Monasterio et al., 1994; Bassu et al., 2010). Previous reports have shown that there exist significant relationships between sowing time and different yield components but such relationships may differ for different varieties (Ortiz-Monasterio et al., 1994; Gomez-MacPherson and Richards, 1995). Although little attention has been given to quantitative relation of sowing time with yield formation; however, quantification of such relations could be crucial for crop management in context of thermo-temporal variation in sowing of wheat (Tapley et al., 2013).

Impact of the sowing dates on yield formation of wheat varieties was studied in three years two-factor factorial experiment. Objectives of the study were to (1) assess impact of dates of sowing on yield and related attributes of different wheat varieties (2) determine the quantitative relationship of sowing dates with yield attributes of wheat varieties and (3) elucidate the critical yield determining component of wheat in response to sowing dates.

Materials and Methods

Experimental details

The three years experiment was performed at Adaptive Research Farm, Gujranwala, Pakistan to ascertain impact of dates of sowing on yield formation of various wheat varieties during 2011-12 to 2013-14. Prior to sowing of crop, the soil samples drawn from depth of 0-30 cm. Working soil samples were submitted to Soil and Water Testing Laboratory, Gujranwala to determine the physico-chemical properties. Soil was heavy loam, having organic matter 1.06%, pH 8.0, electrical conductivity 1.38 dS m-1, total N 0.065%, available P 12.7 ppm and available K 177 ppm. Meteorological data prevailing during growing seasons of wheat experimentations are given in Table 1.

The experiment was performed by using the randomized complete block design with split plot arrangement and replicated thrice. The randomization of sowing dates was carried out in main plots and the varieties in sub plots. Net plot size of 3 × 8 m2 was used. The treatments were comprised of different dates of sowing and wheat varieties. Sowing dates included November 01, November 15, November 30 and December 15 while wheat varieties tested were Lasani-2008, Faisalabad-2008 (FSD-08), Millat-2011, AARI-2011 and Punjab-2011 (PB-11).

Crop husbandry

The sowing of all wheat varieties was carried out on sowing dates as per treatments. Seed rate was kept 125 kg/ha and treated with thiophenate methyl @ 3 g/kg seed before sowing. Inter-row spacing was maintained at 22.5 cm while within rows the plants were sown continuously. The NPK (115-85-62 kg/ha) was applied using urea (N 46%), diammonium phosphate (N 18%, P2O5 46%) and sulphate of potash (K2O 50%). Complete P, K dose and half N were applied at sowing while remaining N was applied at first irrigation. Irrigations were applied according to soil and weather conditions. In total, two irrigations were applied during all years. Local recommended plant protection measures were adopted to control weeds, insects and diseases. The crop was harvested and threshed manually during first week of May during all years.

Observations

The data were collected regarding yield formation and grain yield of wheat. Emergence was noted by counting plants m-2 after the completion of emergence in all replications. Productive tillers m-2 were counted at harvest. Afterwards, five spikes collected randomly from each replication were manually threshed and grains were counted and averaged to determine the grains number per spike. The 1000 grains were counted and weighed from each replication to determine 1000-grain weight. The yield was quantified by manually harvesting and threshing crop m-2 from each replication and expressed in t ha-1.

Statistical analyses

The data were checked for normality using the scatter plot technique and found normal. The year effect was found significant for studied traits and therefore analyzed and expressed separately. Fisher’s analysis of variance (ANOVA) technique was used for statistical analyses of data (Steel et al., 1997). Least significance difference (LSD) test was used to compare the treatments’ means at 5% probability. Linear regression analysis was performed to assess relationship of sowing time with yield attributes (emergence count, tillers m-2, grains number per spike and thousand grains weight) of wheat to determine the impact of time of sowing on yield formation of each variety. Pearson’s coefficients were computed to find out correlation of yield attributes with grain yield of wheat to assess the critical yield determining component in response to sowing time.

Results and Discussion

Stand establishment

Emergence count was gradually decreased by delayed sowing of all varieties during all years. Across varieties, highest emergence occurred on November 01 sowing. The greatest decrease in emergence on November 15 sowing was exhibited by FSD-08 during 2011-12 and 2012-13, and AARI-11 during 2013-14. Millat-11 showed highest decrease on both November 30 as well as December 15 sowing during 2011-12 and 2012-13. However, during 2013-14, highest reduction was observed for AARI-11 and Lasani-08 on November 30 and December 15 sowing, respectively. Among varieties Lasani-08 had the highest emergence count at all sowing dates during all years (Table 2). The reduction in emergence might be due to decline in temperature upon late sowing. Emergence and crop stand establishment is significantly affected by temperature (Hussain et al., 2012a). Late sowing results in decrease in air and soil temperature during early growth stages of wheat which causes a reduction in emergence and stand establishment (Jame and Cutforth, 2004). Previous studies have reported similar impact of temperature on emergence of crops (Hussain et al., 2012a; Shah et al., 2017).

Grain yield and related attributes

Highest tillers m-2 were noticed on November 15 sowing during 2011-12 and 2013-14, and on November 01 during 2012-13; whereas, decreased by sowing afterwards. On November 15 sowing, maximum increase in number of tillers was exhibited by Millat-11 during all the years. On November 30 sowing,

Table 1: Meteorological conditions during wheat growing seasons.

Month	Total Rainfall (mm)			Temperature (°C)
	Total Rainfall (mm)			Monthly Maximum			Monthly Minimum			Daily Mean
	2011-12	2012-13	2013-14	2011-12	2012-13	2013-14	2011-12	2012-13	2013-14	2011-12	2012-13	2013-14
November	1.0	0.0	2.0	28.0	27.8	25.0	13.0	11.5	10.5	20.5	19.7	19.3
December	0.0	28.8	0.0	22.1	19.4	19.4	8.4	6.1	6.3	15.3	12.8	17.4
January	25.6	27.7	6.0	17.8	15.9	16.6	3.6	4.6	4.9	10.7	10.3	13.7
February	9.9	84.6	13.3	19.2	19.3	19.2	3.9	8.7	6.8	11.6	14.0	14.4
March	23.0	23.4	48.5	27.0	26.6	24.1	12.0	12.7	11.0	19.5	19.7	21.8
April	57.7	16.3	55.0	32.2	33.1	31.7	16.7	16.8	15.8	24.5	25.0	28.1

Source: Meteorological Department, Punjab.

Table 2: Effect of sowing time on emergence, number of tillers, 1000-grain weight and number of grains per spike of wheat.

2011-12

2012-13

2013-14

Emergence count m-2

Number of tillers m-2

1000-grain weight (g)

Number of grains per spike

Means followed by different letters for a parameter during a specific year are significantly different at P <0.05; Nov.: November, Dec.: December.

the greatest decrease in number of tillers was noticed for PB-11 during all the years. However, on December 15 sowing, PB-11 showed the highest decrease in number of tillers during 2011-12 and 2012-13, while FSD-08 during 2013-14. Among varieties, Lasani-08 produced highest number of tillers at all sowing dates during all years (Table 2). Highest 1000-grain weight of all varieties was attained upon sowing on November 01, during all years and decreased by sowing afterwards. The PB-11 showed the greatest decrease in 1000-grain weight during 2011-12 and AARI-11 during 2012-13 as well as 2013-14 by sowing after November 01, during all the years. Moreover, on November 01 sowing the heaviest grains were produced by PB-11 during 2011-12 and 2013-14, and Millat-11 during 2012-13. However, on November 15 and 30, as well as December 15 sowing Millat-11 produced heaviest grains during all the years (Table 2).

Grains number per spike was increased by sowing on November 15 as well as 30, while decreased by December 15 sowing. On November 15 sowing, maximum increase in grains per spike occurred in PB-11 during 2011-12 while AARI-11 during 2012-13 and 2013-14. On November 30 sowing, the greatest increase in grains per spike was noticed in PB-11, AARI-11 and FSD-08 during 2011-12, 2012-13 and 2013-14, respectively. On December 15 sowing, maximum decline in grains per spike occurred in Lasani-08 during all the years, while, FSD-08 and Millat-11 during 2011-12. Among varieties highest grains per spike were formed by PB-11 during all the years (Table 2). Grain yield of all varieties was highest on November 15 sowing, while started declining upon sowing afterwards. However, Lasani-08 and AARI-11 showed higher grain yield on November 30 sowing, as compared to November 01 sowing, during 2011-12 and 2013-14. In addition, grain yield of all wheat varieties sown on December 15 was reduced except AARI-11 during 2011-12 and Lasani-08 during 2013-14, as compared to November 01 sown crop. Among varieties, Lasani-08 was high yielder during 2011-12 while PB-11 during 2012-13 and 2013-14 at all sowing dates (Figure 1).

In present study, maximum yield of all varieties of wheat was obtained by November 15 sowing (Figure 1). The declined yield in response to early or late sowing is attributed to decrease in tillers m-2, grain weight and grains number per spike (Table 2; Figure 1). In present study, early and late sowing might have decreased number of tillers because of unfavorable temperature prevailing during tillering (Qasim et al., 2008; Hussain et al., 2012b; Tahir et al., 2019). Declined grain weight in response to late sowing may be accredited to decreased grain filling duration and high temperature during reproductive stage which decreases enzyme activity and rate of grain filling (Wallwork et al., 1998; Barnabás et al., 2008; Hussain et al., 2012a). The decrease in grains per spike in early sown crop may be because of frost injury during flowering while in late sown crop because of reduced spikelets per spike and pollen viability in response to heat stress (Arduini et al., 2009; Mohammed and Tarpley, 2010; Tahir et al., 2019). Previous studies support our results pertaining to yield and related attributes of wheat due to sowing time (Inamullah et al., 2007; Baloch et al., 2010; Lan et al., 2018).

Varieties of wheat differed regarding yield and yield formation in response to sowing time. Among different varieties the Lasani-08 and PB-11 both were high yielders (Figure 1). Higher grain yield of Lasani-08 and PB-11 was associated with higher tiller density and grains number per spike, respectively (Table 2). Grain yield of AARI-11 was least affected by sowing time (Figure 1) which was also manifested by regression analysis i.e. only 1000-grain weight had significant negative relation with sowing time (Figures 2 and 3). The present study results showed that Millat-11 was low yielder and highest decline in its yield occurred because of late sowing which was due to greater decrease in tillers per m2 (Table 2, Figure 1). Previous studies have shown that different varieties of wheat differ in yield formation and yield in response to sowing time (Kelley, 2001; Tapley et al., 2013).

Table 3: Pearson’s coefficients of correlation between yield attributes (emergence count, number of tillers m-2, 1000-grain weight and number of grains spike-1) and grain yield as influenced by sowing time.

Year	Variables	Grain yield (t ha-1)
Year	Variables	FSD-08	Lasani-08	AARI-11	Millat-11	PB-11
2011-12	Emergence count m-2	0.8140ns	0.3656ns	-0.1984ns	0.3274ns	0.5339ns
	Number of tillers m-2	0.9016*	0.7912ns	0.9260*	0.9995**	0.8073ns
	1000-grain weight (g)	0.9510**	0.6158ns	-0.0486ns	0.5592ns	0.5993ns
	Number of grains spike-1	0.0719ns	0.9734**	0.6238ns	0.3426ns	0.5886ns
2012-13	Emergence count m-2	0.6961ns	0.7661ns	0.4655ns	0.6426ns	0.4908ns
	Number of tillers m-2	0.9822**	0.9228*	-0.8019ns	0.8647ns	0.5862ns
	1000-grain weight (g)	0.8837ns	0.7569ns	0.4334ns	0.7859ns	0.6008ns
	Number of grains spike-1	0.4624ns	0.9686**	0.9642**	0.0140ns	0.8491ns
2013-14	Emergence count m-2	0.5743ns	0.2326ns	-0.0075ns	0.4296ns	0.2905ns
	Number of tillers m-2	0.8667ns	0.7057ns	-0.8819ns	0.9620**	0.5527ns
	1000-grain weight (g)	0.5311ns	0.9156*	0.1736ns	0.4957ns	0.5801ns
	Number of grains spike-1	0.5617ns	0.4606ns	0.9911***	0.9345*	0.5293ns

n: 4; ***p < 0·01; **p < 0·05; * p < 0.10; ns: non-significant.

Critical yield determining trait

Linear regression revealed that sowing time variably affected the emergence and yield traits of different varieties of wheat during all the years (Figures 2 and 3). There was significant negative linear relation between sowing time and emergence count of all varieties of wheat (Figure 2). Significant negative linear relationship existed between sowing time and tillers m-2 of Lasani-08 during 2012-13, and PB-11 during all the years (Figure 2). In addition, a significant linear negative relationship existed between sowing time and 1000-grain weight of FSD-08 during 2012-13, Lasani-08 during 2011-12, AARI-11 during 2012-13 and 2013-14, and PB-11 during 2011-12 (Figure 2). However, non-significant relation of sowing time with grains number of wheat varieties existed during all the years (Figure 2).

The correlation analysis manifested a positive correlation of tillers m-2 with grain yield of FSD-08 during 2011-12 (p 0.1) and 2012-13 (p 0.05) as well as 1000-grain weight and yield during 2011-12 (p 0.05) (Table 3). For Lasani-08, positive correlation existed between tillers m-2 and yield during 2012-13 (p 0.1), 1000-grain weight and yield during 2013-14 (p 0.1), and number of grains per spike and grain yield duirng 2011-12 and 2012-13 (p 0.05) (Table 3). A positive correlation of tillers m-2 with grain yield of AARI-11 was noticed during 2011-12 (p 0.1) as well as grains per spike with grain yield duirng 2012-13 (p 0.05) and 2013-14 (p 0.01) (Table 3). Likewise, there was positive correlation of tillers m-2 with grain yield during 2011-12 (p 0.05) and 2013-14 (p 0.05) as well as grains number and yield (p 0.1) of Millat-11 duirng 2013-14 (Table 3). However, no significiant correlation was noticed between any yield related trait and grain yield of PB-11 during all the years (Table 3).

In present study, sowing time had negative relation with emergence of all varieties, tillers of Lasani-08 and PB-11 (Figure 2), and 1000-grain weight of FSD-08, Lasani-08, AARI-11 and PB-11 (Figure 3) while non-significant relation with grains per spike of all varieties (Figure 3) indicating that the greatest losses occurred to emergence and grain weight among yield traits due to temporal fluctuation in sowing and it was followed by number of tillers. Gomez-MacPherson and Richards (1995) reported negative relation between sowing time and grain weight. Blue et al. (1990) recorded that contribution of grain weight in estimation of yield was increased as sowing delayed. Similarly, Tapley et al. (2013) described that sowing dates had negative relationship with spikes (tillers) m-2, grain weight and grains number per spike of wheat. In present study, grain yield was correlated positively with the number of tillers of FSD-08, Lasani-08, AARI-11 and Millat-11, the grain weight of FSD-08 and Lasani-08, and the number of grains of Lasani-08, AARI-11 and Millat-11 in different years (Table 3). These relationships manifested that the number of tillers followed by grains per spike were the most critical yield imparting traits in these varieties. Similar relations of yield traits with grain yield of wheat have been reported by Tapley et al. (2013).

Conclusions and Recommendations

Present study showed that sowing on November 01 and after November 15 decreased yield, emergence and yield related attributes of all wheat varieties. Number of tillers and 1000-grain weight were most affected traits of wheat varieties due to sowing dates. However, yield of different varieties was variably affected mainly by number of tillers followed by grains per spike under the influence of sowing dates. In conclusion, sowing on November 15 produced highest yield and number of tillers was critical yield determining component followed by grains per spike in response to sowing dates.

Author’s Contributions

Javed Iqbal conducted experiment. Ali Zohaib performed statistical data analysis, prepared the write up and did overall management of article. Muzzammil Hussain supervised the study and gave technical input at every step. Iftikhar Ahmad helped in abstract and conclusion. Adnan Bashir managed crop in field. Wardah Muzaffer helped in data collection. Naeem Faisal collected literature. Muhammad Tahir Latif helped in data analysis. Sami Ullah helped in data management.

Conflict of interest

The authors have declared no conflict of interest.

References

Akhtar, M., R.M. Iqbal, M. Jamil and L.H. Akhtar. 2012. Effect of sowing date on emergence, tillering and grain yield of different wheat varieties under Bahawalpur conditions. Pak. J. Agric. Sci. 49(3): 255-259.

Arduini, I., L. Ercoli, M. Mariotti and A. Masoni. 2009. Sowing date affect spikelet number and grain yield of durum wheat. Cereal Res. Commun. 37(3): 469-478. https://doi.org/10.1556/CRC.37.2009.3.16

Bagulho, A.S., R. Costa, A.S. Almeida, N. Pinheiro, J. Moreira, C. Gomes, J. Coutinho, A. Costa, J. Coutinho and B. Maçãs. 2015. Influence of year and sowing date on bread wheat quality under Mediterranean conditions. Emirates J. Food Agric. 27: 186-199. https://doi.org/10.9755/ejfa.v27i2.19279

Baloch, M.S., I.T.H. Shah, M.A. Nadim, M.I. Khan and A.A. Khakwani. 2010. Effect of seeding density and planting time on growth and yield attributes of wheat. J. Anim. Plant Sci. 20(4): 239-240.

Barnabás, B., K. Jäger and A. Fehér. 2008. The effect of drought and heat stress on reproductive processes in cereals. Plant Cell Environ. 31(1): 11-38.

Bassu, S., F. Giunta and R. Motzo. 2010. Effects of sowing date and cultivar on spike weight and kernel number in durum wheat. Crop Past. Sci. 61(4): 287-295. https://doi.org/10.1071/CP09235

Blue, E.N., S.C. Mason and D.H. Sander. 1990. Influence of planting date, seeding rate, and phosphorus rate on wheat yield. Agron. J. 82(4): 762-768. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1990.00021962008200040022x

Farooq, M., S.M.A. Basra, H. Rehman and B.A. Saleem. 2008. Seed priming enhances the performance of late sown wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) by improving chilling tolerance. J. Agron. Crop Sci. 194(1): 55-60. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-037X.2007.00287.x

Friend, D.J.C., 2011. Tillering and leaf production in wheat as affected by temperature and light intensity. Can. J. Bot. 43(9): 1063-1076. https://doi.org/10.1139/b65-123