Research Article

Efficiency of Poultry Manure for Improving Nutrient Composition of Maize Plants under Calcareous Soil Environment

Muhammad Fiyyaz1, Ghulam Sarwar1*, Noor-Us-Sabah1, Mukkram Ali Tahir1, Muhammad Aftab2, Muhammad Zeeshan Manzoor1, Sher Muhammad3, Muhammad Latif4, Ayesha Zafar1, Imran Shehzad1, Sarfraz Hussain5, Aneela Riaz6 and Abid Niaz2

1Deptartment of Soil and Environmental Sciences, College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Pakistan; 2Institute of Soil Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, AARI, Faisalabad, Pakistan; 3Department of Agricultural Sciences, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad, Pakistan; 4ORIC, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad, Pakistan; 5Institute of Soil Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, Kala Shah Kaku, Pakistan; 6Soil Bacteriology Section, AARI, Faisalabad, Pakistan.

Received | March 24, 2021; Accepted | April 26, 2021; Published | June 19, 2021

*Correspondence | Ghulam Sarwar, Department of Soil and Environmental Sciences, College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Pakistan; Email: [email protected]

Citation | Fiyyaz, M., G. Sarwar, N.U. Sabah, M.A. Tahir, M. Aftab, M.Z. Manzoor, S. Muhammad, M. Latif, A. Zafar, I. Shehzad, S. Hussain, A. Riaz and A. Niaz. 2021. Efficiency of poultry manure for improving nutrient composition of maize plants under calcareous soil environment. Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Research, 34(3): 473-478.

DOI | https://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.pjar/2021/34.3.473.478

Keywords | Maize shoots, Maize roots, Poultry manure, Mineral fertilizer, Nutrient concentration

Introduction

Maize is cross-pollinated specie and monoecious crop of Asia. Maize is regarded as 3rd most important crop after rice and wheat in Pakistan. It is grown for multipurpose throughout the globe. It is grown for oil, grains and fodder purpose in the country. It plays a significant role in the economy of the country. Maize contributed 0.4% of GDP and 2.1% of total profits of national agriculture (Shah et al., 2014). About 99% of maize is mainly grown in Punjab and KPK provinces (Rehman et al., 2015). In Pakistan, production of maize was about 7000 thousand tons in year 2020 (GOP, 2020). Production of maize was 36581000 tons from 9 lac 81 thousand ha in 2010 in the country. Maize grains are rich source of minerals, vitamins and ashes. Maize grains have fats (5.8%), proteins (10%), starch (72%), sugar (3%) and burning ash (1.7%). These are used for the manufacture of cosmetics, flakes, syrup, alcohol, starch and fats (Chaudhary et al., 2014).

Maize is very beneficial fodder and is the major source of livestock forage in all over Pakistan. It is reaped after 8-10 weeks after sowing (Rashid and Iqbal, 2012). Maize has important role for the manufacture of value-added foods like jellies, glucose, flakes, and custard in several businesses. Now a days, it is also used in making of varnishes, ammunition, paints shortening compounds, soaps and many other products. Maize fodder contains 51.69 % neutral detergent fiber, 40.18 % crude fiber, 28.797 % cellulose, 22.98 % acid detergent fiber, 10.35 % crude protein, and 9.09 % moisture whereas maize seed grains contain 71.97 % starch, 4.85 % oil, 9.74 % protein, and 9.44 % crude fiber (Ali et al., 2014).

Inadequate management practices and insufficient as well as unbalanced fertilizer application is degrading soils continuously in Pakistan. Deficiency or organic matter is also one factor of this degradation. Quantity of organic matter is less than 1.0% in country soils that affects plant growth and efficiency. Status of nutrients in the soil determines plant response to added fertilizers. Addition of unbalanced and improper fertilizer may cause environmental pollution (Oad et al., 2004; Prabhu et al., 2003). Organic manure enhances soil fertility and increase plant growth as a supplement of manures due to production of various nutrient and chelating effect on cations by normal acids (Mohanty et al., 2006).

Growth and yield of rice-wheat plants was improved with the addition of different organic amendments (compost, FYM, sesbania green manure). Usage of compost proved superior to all others. This positive trend in plant growth and development was further strengthened when chemical fertilizer was coupled with these organic amendments (Sarwar, 2005). Likewise, combination of compost + chemical fertilizers produced supreme agglomeration in rice-wheat plants compared to FYM and Sesbania. Using FYM proved to be superior to control and led to a significant rise in the number of rice-wheat crop growers. An evaluation of compost and fertilizer evidenced the advantage of compost over chemical fertilizer in this respect, but mixture of these demonstrated to be more effective than using compost alone (Sarwar et al., 2007).

Collective usage of carbon-based manures like cow dung, poultry manure, residues of harvested crops and green manure crops with mineral fertilizer is the best way to manage nutrients in soil (Antil, 2012). This strategy leads to restore soil fertility, conserve soil and decrease environmental pollution. Extensive usage of various nutritious sources demonstrated imperative for more demand of crop growth and sustainable agriculture (Korsaeth et al., 2002). A rise in rice and wheat growth was observed when mineral fertilizers was used with various sources of organic materials (Sarwar et al., 2020).

Materials and Methods

This trail was carried out in pots to evaluate efficiency of mineral fertilizer and poultry manure on nutrient composition of maize plants. Samples of soil were taken for determination of various laboratory parameters before starting experiment (Table 1). After analysis, pots were filled with ten (10) kg soil and irrigated by ground water. Completely randomized design was applied to arrange the pots. Current experiment included 11 treatments and 3 replications. Various treatments included T1= chemical fertilizers at recommended rate, T2= chemical fertilizers at half recommended rate, T3= poultry dung at the rate of 5 t ha-1, T4= poultry dung at the rate of 7.5 t ha-1, T5= poultry dung at the rate of 10 t ha-1, T6= T1 + T3, T7= T1 + T4, T8= T1 + T5, T9= T2 + T3, T10= T2 + T4 and T11= T2 + T5.

 

Table 1: Soil Characteristics used in experiments.

Characteristics	Unit	Value
Saturation percentage	%
pHs	-	7.50
ECe	dS m-1	1.78
CO3	me L-1	3.60
HCO3	me L-1	6.30
Cl	me L-1	4.10
SO4	me L-1	3.80
Ca + Mg	me L-1	4.50
Na	me L-1	10.8
SAR	-	7.20
Sand	%	45.1
Silt	%	26.8
Clay	%	28.1
Textural class	_	Sandy clay loam

 

Maize variety (FM3) was sown in all the pots. Poultry manure (PM) was applied according to treatments. Initially five seeds were sown per pot and after germination three plants were maintained. Urea, SSP and potassium sulfate were applied as sources for NPK. Recommended rate of NPK used in this study was N= 225, P2O5= 100 and K2O= 100 kg ha-1 respectively. Crop was harvested at maturity. Plant samples were collected from all pots and analysis was done by for each sample.

Analytical methods for soil analysis

Analytical methods for laboratory determinations were used as given in Hand Book No. 60 of USDA (1969).

Soil organic matter

For organic matter determination method 24 was used.

Available phosphorus

It was determined by Olsen’s method (Tandon, 2001).

Soluble potassium

Soluble potassium was determined by (Method 11a).

Digestion of plant samples for the determination of K, N and P contents

Plant samples of 0.5 g were transferred into digestion vessel. A volume of 10 ml of diacid mixture (HNO3: HClO4= 2:1) was taken into the vessel and kept for overnight. Samples were digested next day on hot plate at 250ºC till material became transparent. After it, samples were filtered with Whatman filter paper No. 40 and all the samples were stored in plastic bottles.

Potassium (K), phosphorous (P) and nitrogen (N) determination

K from digested plant samples were determined through flame photometer while P was determined using colorimetric method with spectrophotometer. Nitrogen (N) was determined using Kjeldahl method.

Statistical analysis

Statistics 8.1 software was used for the statistical analysis. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was made for different parameters (Steel et al., 1997).

Results and Discussion

Nitrogen in shoots of maize plants

An integral part of plant tissue is nitrogen. Impact of combined application of chemical fertilizers and PM substantially upgraded the N concentration of maize plant (Figure 1). It was noticed that treatment T8 (receiving full dosage of mineral fertilizer along with 10 t ha-1 of PM) resulted in highest nitrogen concentration of maize shoot with value of 3.27%. Treatment T7 found next in this regard showing value of 3.08% N in maize shoot. Conversely, lowest N percentage was found in T2 receiving half dosage of mineral source of nitrogen. The numerical value for T2 was 0.99%. It was apparent from the data that treatments receiving combined sources of nutrition performed better than their sole use. Results of many earlier researchers favored these outcomes that combined use of mineral and organic nutritional sources upgraded the mineral composition of maize plant parts (Sial et al., 2000; Bokhtiar and Sakurai, 2005).

 

Phosphorus in shoots of maize plants

Data related to P % of maize shoot was plotted in Figure 2. It was reflected that P % was positively improved by combined application of mineral (fertilizer) and organic (PM) sources of nutrients in maize. Again, T2 receiving half recommended dosage of mineral fertilizers proved inferior among all treatments by resulting in lowest concentration of P (0.14%) in maize shoot. However, T8 (receiving full dosage of mineral fertilizer along with 10 t ha-1 of PM) proved superior in this regard by resulting in highest concentration of P in maize shoot with value of 1% followed by T11 (receiving half dosage of mineral fertilizer along with 10 t ha-1 of PM) having value of 0.88% P. Hence proved, that application of PM in combination with mineral nutritional source was better in terms of improving P % of maize plant. These conclusions are supported by many researchers (Oad et al., 2004; Ahmad et al., 2007).

 

Potassium in shoots of maize plants

Efficacy of collective application of chemical fertilizers and PM substantially upon K concentration of maize plant was plotted in Figure 3. Results suggested that lowest K concentration of maize shoot was noticed in T2 (receiving recommended dosage of mineral fertilizer) showing value of 1.84% that was approached to the highest value 2.85% of in T8 receiving full dosage of mineral fertilizer along with 10 t ha-1 of PM. Treatment T11 (receiving half dosage of mineral) found next in this regard showing value of 2.76% K in maize shoot. It was apparent from the data that treatments receiving combined sources of nutrition performed better than their sole use. Outcomes of many earlier researchers also suggested similar findings that combined use of mineral and organic nutritional sources upgraded the mineral composition of maize plant parts (Sial et al., 2000; Bokhtiar and Sakurai, 2005).

 

Nitrogen in roots of maize plants

Collective application of chemical fertilizers and PM substantially upgraded the N concentration of maize plant roots. It was evident from Figure 4 that treatment T8 (receiving full dosage of mineral fertilizer along with 10 t ha-1 of PM) resulted in highest nitrogen concentration of maize root with value of 3.16%. Treatment T7 found next in this regard showing value of 2.99% N in maize root. On the other hand, lowest N percentage was found in T2 receiving half dosage of mineral source of nitrogen. The numerical value for T3 (receiving PM @ 5 t ha-1) was 0.73%. It was apparent from the data that treatments receiving combined sources of nutrition performed better than their sole use. Results of many earlier researchers favored these outcomes that combined use of mineral and organic nutritional sources upgraded the mineral composition of maize plant parts (Sial et al., 2000; Bokhtiar and Sakurai, 2005). Similarly, Zhang et al. (2000) and Shah et al. (2007) also documented similar outcomes regarding betterment of mineral composition of maize plant parts upon addition of organic carbon rich sources of nutrition like PM.

 

Phosphorus in roots of maize plants

Data with respect to P % of maize root was plotted in Figure 5. It was reflected that P % of maize root was positively improved by combined application of mineral (fertilizer) and organic (PM) sources of nutrients. Again, T2 (receiving half dosage of mineral fertilizers) proved inferior among all treatments by resulting in lowest concentration of P (0.13%) in maize shoot. However, T8 (receiving full dosage of mineral fertilizer along with 10 t ha-1 of PM) proved superior in this regard by resulting in highest concentration of P in maize root with value of 0.92% followed by T11 (receiving half dosage of mineral fertilizer along with 10 t ha-1 of PM) having value of 0.83% P. Hence proved, that application of PM in combination with mineral nutritional source was better in terms of improving P % of maize plant. These conclusions are supported by many researchers (Oad et al., 2004; Ahmad et al., 2007; Ribeiro et al., 2007).

 

Potassium in roots of maize plants

Role of collective application of chemical fertilizers and PM substantially upon K concentration of maize plant roots was plotted in Figure 6. It was noticed that lowest K concentration of maize root was found in T2 (receiving half dosage of mineral fertilizer) showing value of 1.86% that was approached to the highest value 2.88% of in T8 receiving full dosage of mineral fertilizer along with 10 t ha-1 of PM. Treatment T11 (receiving half dosage of mineral) ranked next in this regard showing value of 2.78% K in maize shoot. It was apparent from the data that treatments receiving combined sources of nutrition performed better than their sole use. Outcomes of many earlier researchers also suggested similar findings that combined use of mineral and organic nutritional sources upgraded the mineral composition of maize plant parts (Sial et al., 2000; Bokhtiar and Sakurai, 2005; Ayeni and Adetunji, 2010).

 

Conclusions and Recommendations

It was concluded that integrated usage of full dosage of chemical fertilizers + poultry dung at the rate of 10 t ha-1 proved superior treatment to all others for improving concentration of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in shoots as well as roots of maize plants. Therefore, it is suggested to farmers that they should use mineral fertilizer coupling with poultry dung to get nutrient enriched fodder of maize.

Novelty Statement

Usage of poultry dung enriched N, P and K concentration in shoot and roots of maize plants.

Author’s Contribution

Muhammad Fiyyaz: Performed the research.

Ghulam Sarwar: Supervised the experiment.

Noor-us-Sabah: Assisted the conduction of experiment.

Mukkram Ali Tahir: Co-supervised the experiment.

Muhammad Aftab and Sarfraz Hussain: Collected the data and presented graphically.

Sher Muhammad and Muhammad Latif: Analyzed data statistically.

Muhammad Zeeshan Manzoor and Ayesha Zafar: Laboratory analysis of said parameters.

Imran Shehzad, Aneela Riaz and Abid Niaz: Assisted in write up and final editing of manuscript.

Conflict of interest

The authors have declared no conflict of interest.

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