Detection and Characterization of Clostridium perfringens Serotype D from Small Ruminants of Balochistan

Imran Taj1,*, Ferhat Abbas1, Zafar Ahmad1, Mohammad Kamran Taj1, Deedar Ahmad2, Zahoor Ahmed2, Ghulam Mohammad2, Ajaz-ul-Haq1, Farooq Shahzad1 and Sabiha Azam3

1Center for Advanced Studies in Vaccinology and Biotechnology, University of Balochistan, Quetta

2Livestock and Dairy Development Department, Balochistan, Pakistan

3Bolan Medical Complex Hospital, Quetta, Pakistan

ABSTRACT

The current study was carried out in all administrative divisions of the province to explore the prevalence of Clostridium perfringens type D in small ruminants. A total of 204 fecal samples were collected from sheep and goats suffering from seasonal diarrhea. C. perfringens type D was identified through different biochemical tests and PCR. Antibiograms and lab animal trials were also carried out on local isolates of C. perfringens type D. Out of 204 analyzed samples, 89.18 % were found positive while 10.82 % were negative for C. perfringens type D. The division wise distribution showed that Quetta, Zhob, Sibi and Kalat were more effected zones of the Balochistan province. Sheep were more effected (54.78 %) than goats (34.4 %). C. perfringens was identified through different biochemical tests and PCR. Based on length of synthesized fragments by PCR, toxin gens of alpha and epsilon types were detected. C. perfringens type D was sensitive to tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, vancomycin, kanamycin, streptomycin, gentamicin, sulfamethoxazole and erythromycin, while showed resistance against carbenicillin, amoxicillin, penicillin g, colistin sulphate, bacitracin and metronidazole. In lab animal trial C. perfringens type D affected the fore stomach, intestine, liver, kidney, pancreas and gall bladder of mice.

Article Information

Received 19 July 2017

Revised 13 September 2017

Accepted 02 October 2017

Available online 05 October 2018

Authors’ Contribution

IT, FA and ZA conceived and designed the study. IT, MKT, DA and ZA collected the data. IT, AH and GM analyzed and interpreted the data. IT, SA and FS wrote the article. IT, FA and MKT statistically analyzed the data.

Key words

Clostridium perfringens Type D, Small ruminants.

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.pjz/2018.50.6.sc6

* Corresponding author: [email protected]

0030-9923/2018/0006-2387 $ 9.00/0

Copyright 2018 Zoological Society of Pakistan

In nature the Clostridium perfringens is found as gram-positive bacterium that survives in anaerobic and facultative conditions. It is worldwide present in the all-natural environmental conditions involving the ecological units with their functions in a natural system (Piet and Deperz, 2015). In small ruminants it is commonly found in the gastrointestinal tract (Hadimli et al., 2012).

The disease enterotoxaemia is caused by C. perfringens type D which is a pathogenic toxin disease in sheep and goats (Carlos et al., 2016; Nasir et al., 2006; Piet and Deperz, 2015). It is an obligate parasite of the intestinal tract (Linden et al., 2015) but under certain conditions it produces toxins Alpha (α) and Epsilon (ε) and which can be fatal for livestock (Uzal et al., 2016; Jamshid et al., 2014; Li et al., 2010). Heavy grain intake or lush pastures have been found to be favorable for the propagation of the bacteria and occurrence of the animal enterotoxaemia (Nagwa et al., 2013). Disease commonly affects well fed animals especially in intensive feed lot practices. Factors which result in intestinal stability or slow the passage of the ingest through the intestines such as heavy tape worm infestations favor to build up toxin accumulation to produce disease condition. Young animals, lambs (6-12 months) and kids (3-12 weeks) old have been found to be the most susceptible groups for the enterotoxaemia disease (Jones et al., 2015; Naz et al., 2012).

Endothelial cell damage by toxins is almost exclusively responsible for the host pathology (Linden et al., 2015). The toxins are produced in the gut by abundantly growing bacterial cells and activated by some feeding factors and absorbed in the general circulation (Zhenyu et al., 2017). The toxins are resistant to digestive enzymes; in fact, these enzymes convert the freshly secreted less active protoxin into the fully toxic form. Its absorption in to the general circulation increases capillary permeability in many organs and tissues, including intestinal mucosa. This increases it absorption rate and consequently the systemic effects leading to excessive renal damage, hyperglycemia, hypertension and edema in various organs, including the brain (Li et al., 2010).

Enterotoxaemia is one of the most frequently occurring diseases of sheep and goats in Balochistan, causing severe economic losses. Therefore, the present study was designed to determine the occurrence of C. perfringens type D in sheep and goats of Balochistan.

Materials and methods

A total 204 fecal samples of enterotoxaemia-suspected sheep and goats suffering from seasonal diarrhea were collected from all divisions of Balochistan. The samples were collected aseptically in polyethylene sachets with UV treated contamination free with double volume of phosphate buffer solution (PBS) (Haq et al., 2016).

The samples were inoculated deep into reinforced clostridial medium RCM tubes (Oxoid-England). The tubes were placed in water bath for a period of 10-15 min at 80°C to eliminate the non-spore forming bacteria. Finally, the tubes were incubated in anaerobic jar at 37°C for 24-48 h. For pure colony isolation the culture was streaked on reinforced clostridial medium plate. The bacterial culture was identified with Gram staining. Different biochemical tests carried such as, fermentation reaction with different sugars, IMViC, H2S, Litmus milk reaction, Gelatin hydrolysis, Motility test, Egg yolk agar (Lecithinase and lipase) (Rahaman et al., 2013).

For detection of enterotoxin gene for C. perfringens type D, PCR was performed by using specific primers. Alpha toxin gene primers forward: 5’-GCTAATGTTACTGCCGTTGA-3’, reverse: 5’-CCTCTGATACATCGTGTAAG-3’ – Beta toxin gene primers forward: 5’-GCGAATATGCTGAATCATCTA-3’, revers: 5’-GCAGGAACATTAGTATATCTTC-3’ Epsilon toxin gene primers forward: 5’-GCGGTGATATCCATCTATTC-3’, reverse: 5’-CCACTTACTTGTCCTACTAAC- 3’ and Iota toxin gene primer forward: 5’-ACTACTCTCAGACAAGACAG-3’, reverse: 5’-CTTTCCTTCTATTACTATACG-3’ (Rahaman et al., 2013; Ahsani et al., 2010; Yuan et al., 2012). Genomic DNA purificatation kit (HiMedia-India) was used for extraction of genomic DNA. The DNA template was (elute) stored at -20°C for further process. The amplifications alpha and epsilon gene of C. perfringens type D was done by using thermo cycler. The 30µl master mix contains 15µl 2X AmpMasterTM Tag (GeneAll-Korea), 2µl primers, 30ng template DNA and distilled water up to 30µl. All amplification reaction consisted of an initial denature 94°C for 5 min prior to 35 cycles of 94°C denaturation for 30 sec, 55°C annealing for 30 sec, and 72°C extension for 30 sec, followed by a final 72°C extension for 7 min. The PCR products were then analyzed by electrophoresis on 2.0% agarose gel.

Standardized antibiotic sensitivity test was performed on Mueller Hinton agar using disc diffusion bauer technique and McFarland turbidity standard method 0.5 following CLSI protocols. Isolates were considered as sensitive and resistant to a particular antimicrobial agent on the basis of inhibitory zone (Haq et al., 2016).

To test the pathogenicity of strain, lab animal (mice) has been selected and 0.5mL growth suspension having 1x109cfu/mL of each sample was injected intra peritoneally. The post-mortem of the dead animal was performed (Haq et al., 2016). The data was analyzed through SPSS software version 6.

Results

C. perfringens type D was Gram-positive, non- motile, thick single or paired rods measuring 4-6×1µm. Total 204 fecal sample were collected from which 89.18 % were positive and 10.82 % were negative for C. perfringens type D. Figure 1 shows division wise distribution Zhob (16.17 %), Sibi (15.68 %), Quetta (15.19 %) and Kalat (14.7 %) divisions were highly infected with enterotoxaemia compared to other divisions of Balochistan.

The study result revealed that sheep (54.78 %) were more affected with C. perfringens type D as compared to goats (34.4 %).

Biochemical identification showed the C. perfringens biochemically was saccharolytic because it formed acid when it utilized glucose, sucrose, maltose and lactose but did not utilized mannitol and dulcitol. The gas of fermentation was hydrogen sulphide. Biochemical tests result revealed that C. perfringens was positive for litmus milk test, lecithinase test and gelatin liquefaction test while negative for catalase, indole, methyl red and voges-proskauer tests.

Molecular detection of alpha and epsilon toxin genes was carried from broth culture. After the extraction of DNA, alpha and epsilon toxin genes was amplified at annealing temperature 55˚C with amplicon size 324bp (alpha) and 655bp (epsilon) were observed as shown in Figure 2.

C. perfringens type D was sensitive to tetracycline (32 mm), ciprofloxacin (27 mm), sulfamethoxazole (25 mm), gentamicin (20 mm), erythromycin (20 mm), kanamycin (20 mm), and streptomycin (13 mm) while carbenicillin, amoxicillin, penicillin g, colistin sulphate, bacitracin and metronidazole showed resistance against C. perfringens type D.

Total 204 fecal sample were collected from which 89.18 % were positive and 10.82 % were negative for Clostridium perfringens type D. The division wise distribution showed that Quetta, Zhob, Sibi and Kalat were more effected zones of the Balochistan province. Species wise result showed that sheep (54.78 %) were more affected than goats (34.4 %). Our findings were similar with Haq et al. (2016). C. perfringens type D was confirmed through different biochemical tests (IMViC, Sugar fermentation, Catalase reaction, Oxidase tests, Gelatin hydrolysis, Litmus milk reaction and Lecithinase) and PCR. Both toxins alpha and epsilon of C. perfringens type D are considered to be the lethal toxins involved in the enterotoxaemia disease in sheep and goats. Alpha and epsilon toxins gens were amplified with amplicon size about 324bp and 665bp, respectively (Kumar et al., 2016). Different drugs result showed that C. perfringens type D was sensitive to tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, vancomycin, kanamycin, streptomycin, gentamycin, sulphamethoxazole and erythromycin, while carbenicillin, amoxicillin, penicillin g, colistin sulphate, bacitracin and metronidazole showed resistance.

Conclusion

This study confirmed presence of Clostridium perfringens type D in small ruminants of the province. The polymerase chain reaction is good tool for identifying/confirming the clostridium perfringens type D from fecal samples. The local isolates will help researcher to build a good vaccine against enterotoxaemia.

Acknowledgements

The author wishes to thank Mr. Aurangzaib, Mr. Abdullah, and staff of CASVAB, who helped in the research. The author also acknowledges contribution of Dr. Hameed-u-allah Khethran, Executive District Officer, Livestock and Dairy Development Department Balochistan in this study.

Statement of conflict of interest

Authors have declared no conflict of interest.

References

Ahsani, M.R., Abadi, M.R. and Shamsaddini, M.B., 2010. J. Venom. Anim. Toxins incl. Trop. Dis., 16: 573-578. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1678-91992010000400006

Haq, A., Kamran, M.T., Imran, T., Sana, A., shfaq, A.A., Ghulam, M., Zaheer, A., Zahoor, A., Farhat, A. and Abdul, S., 2016. Int. J. biol. Sci., 4: 1-8.

Carlos, A.D.O.J., Silva, R.O.S., Amanda, N.D., Pires, A.N., Salvarani, P.S.P., Assis, F.M. and Lobato, R.A.D., 2016. Semina: Ciênc. Agrár. Lond., 37: 257-262.

Hadimli, H.H., Erganiș, O., Sayin, Z. and Aras, A., 2012. Turk. J. Vet. Sci., 36: 409-415.

Jamshid, R., Gholam, T., Ali, R., Mehrnaz, R.M. and Ahmad, 2014. Iranian J. Microbiol., 6: 31-36.

Jones, A.L., Dagleish, M.P. and Caldow, G.L., 2015. Vet. Rec., 177: 390.

Kumar, V. and Sreenivasulu, N.D., 2016. Vet. World, 7: 1132-1136. https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2014.1132-1136

Linden, J.R., Ma, Y., Zhao, B., Harris, J.M., Rumah, K.R., Schaeren-Wiemers, N. and Vartanian, T., 2015. mBio, 6: e02513. https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.02513-14

Li, J., Miyamoto, K., Sayeed, S. and McClane, B.A., 2010. PLoS One, 5: e10932.

Nagwa, A., Khairy, E.A., Dorgham, S.M. and Zaki, M.S., 2013. Life Sci. J., 10: 1599-1602.

Nasir, A.A., Younus, M., Rehman, M.U., Lateef, M., Khaliq, S.A., Ahmad, I. and Abbas, M., 2006. J. Anim. Pl. Sci., 23: 1553-1558.

Nasir, A.A., Younas, M., Rashid, M., Khaliq, A.K., Shah, S.E., Aslam, S.H., Ghumman, A. and Joiya, M.H., 2015. Iranian J. Vet. Res., 16: 94-99.

Naz, S., Ghuman, M.A., Anjum, A.A., Manzoor, A.W., Rana, W. and Akhter, R., 2012. J. Vet. Anim. Sci., 2: 89-94.

Piet, D. and Deperz, E.C.B.H., 2015. Vet Rec., 177: 388-389. https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.h5428

Radhika, B., Kumar, N.V. and Sreenivasulu, D., 2016. Vet. World, 9: 60-64. https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2016.60-64

Rahaman, M.S., Akther, M.R., Adullah, M., Sayed-Khan, M.A., Jahan, M.S., Zia-ul-Haque, A.K.M. and Lutful-Kabir, S.M., 2013. J. Vet. Microbiol., 2: 83-88.

Sinosh, S., Mahajanakatti, A.B., Biradar, U.B., Sharma, N. and Abhilash, M., 2010. Int. J. pharma. Sci. Rev. Res., 42: 164-172.

Uzal, F.A., Giannitti, F., Finnie, J.W. and García, J.P., 2016. Diseases produced by Clostridium perfringens type D. In: Clostridial disease of animals. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., pp. 157-172. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118728291.ch13

Yuan, T., Wen, M., Lian, B., Cheng, J., Wang, K. and Zhou, B., 2012. J. Vet. Anim. Sci., 36: 153-158.

Zhenyu, C., Hui, Z., Khalid, M., Mujeeb, U.R., Xiadan, Y., Zhaoyang, L., Fazal, N., Xiaoxing, W., Xinxing, T., Xueting, L., Jingen, X. and Dongha,i Z., 2017. Pakistan. J. Zool., 49: 2249-2255.