Research Article

An Environment Friendly Pest Management Strategy through Biorational Insecticides against Amrasca Devastans Dist. on Brinjal Crop

Muhammad Shoaib Saleem*, Muhammad Faheem Akbar, Amjad Sultan and Saqib Ali

Department of Agriculture and Agribusiness Management, University of Karachi, Pakistan.

Received | Febraury 26, 2018; Accepted | June 30, 2018; Published | August 12, 2018

*Correspondence | Muhammad Shoaib Saleem, Department of Agriculture and Agribusiness Management, University of Karachi, Pakistan; Email: shoaibsaleemkhan@gmail.com

Citation | Saleem, M.S., M.F. Akbar, A. Sultan and S. Ali. 2018. An environment friendly pest management strategy through biorational insecticides against Amrasca Devastans Dist. on Brinjal Crop. Sarhad Journal of Agriculture, 34(3): 583-588.

DOI | http://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.sja/2018/34.3.583.588

Keywords | Amrasca devastans Dist., Brinjal, Efficacy, Insect Growth Regulator (IGR), Neonicotinoids

Introduction

Brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) also known as eggplant or aubergine is an important vegetable crop in the family Solanaceae after tomato and potato (FAO, 2000). Being most important Solanum crop native to the Old World, it is ranked as 6th most important vegetable after onion, cabbage, and cucumber (FAO, 2016). It is cultivated everywhere throughout the globe (Daunay et al., 2001) and mostly grown in China, Indonesia, India Turkey, Iraq, Egypt and Pakistan.

In Pakistan, it is cultivated more than 8465 hectares with the production of 84149 tons per annum, out of which Punjab has the most eminent share in stipulations of acreage (4617 hectares) and production (55216 tones), followed by Baluchistan, Sindh and KPK with 11548, 8159 and 9226 tons respectively. Pakistan exported 4000 kgs. fresh brinjal worth of 0.6 million rupees in 2012-14 (PBS, 2013-14). Vegetables plays a vital role in our daily diet intake because they are the important source of many minerals and vitamins. Eggplant is the most popular and common vegetable from the genus solanum and rich with the dietary fiber, minerals like iron, magnesium potassium etc. vitamins such as K-niacin, B6 (USDA, 2008) and the valuable addition of supplements in the diet plans of poor.

The production of eggplant is extremely constrained by many insect pests, out of these jassid, Amrasca devastans Dist. is the second most destructive insect pest after Brinjal fruit and shoot borer (Nagia et al., 1993). This is the most rigorous pest in Pakistan (Mahmood et al., 1990) and also in Bangladesh and India (Kumar and Singh, 2002). Jassid can harm from seedling stage to the fruit setting stage, bringing about 50% loss in final production (Bindra and Mahal, 1981). It was also observed by (Rawat and Sahu, 1975) that jassids can lessen 49.8% and 45.1% number of leaves and decrease the plant height.

Insecticides application is the rapid control solution for the effective management of the insect pest (Mehmood et al., 2001). Approximately 27% of the total insecticides are used on fruits and vegetables in Pakistan (Hussain et al., 2002). However, injudicious pesticide application on fruits and vegetable crops has not only increased the cost of production but also resulted in undesirable residues in fresh vegetables and food commodities with significant hazards (Das, 1959; Gurusubramanian et al., 2005; Sarnaik et al., 2006).

Generally, the pesticides are toxic in nature and their continuous intake by human may result in accumulation in the body tissues with rigorous health problems (Handa et al., 1999). It was also reported by (Akbar et al., 2011a; Akbar et al., 2010) that residues of organochlorine and organophosphate insecticides in different vegetable crops, higher than maximum residue limits (MRLs) set by EU and codex (FAO). (Masud and Hasan, 1992) also recorded higher levels of insecticide residues in different vegetables above MRLs.

Among the different Strategies adopted by farmers, Insecticide application is the cutting-edge safeguard sources against the insect pests, regardless of numerous drawbacks like insect resurgence, resistance, harmful effects on natural enemies, pollinators, wildlife and humans. Various methods are being sought to counter the detrimental effects of insecticides. Bio-rational insecticides are the best alternatives and effective pest management tool, and are being used as safe option to their synthetic counterparts. Neonicotinoids and insect growth regulators (IGRs), with low mammalian toxicity and comparatively safe to human health and the ecosystem.

Keeping in view the importance of export and economic value of the brinjal crop, and other threats to environment and non-target organisms by broad spectrum insecticides; present study was planned to evaluate the efficacy of neonicotinoids and insect growth regulators (IGRs) against jassid for sustainability in brinjal production.

Materials and Methods

Field experiments were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of four insecticides (Table 1) against Jassid on the brinjal crop during the winter season (2016-17) at Agricultural Experimental Fields of Department of Agriculture and Agribusiness Management, University of Karachi. Brinjal Seedling were transplanted with 75x60 cm spacing, in a randomized complete block design (RCBD). There were three replicates each having five treatments including control. Three sprays were made with a pneumatic knapsack sprayer when Economic Threshold Level (ETL) found to be achieved. The pretreatment and post treatment observations were taken after l, 3, 7 and 14 days. From each treatment ten plants were selected and tagged for the purpose of insect counts. For insect counts three leaves from each plant were observed from top, middle and bottom. The population reduction percentage of jassid was calculated through Henderson-Tilton’s formula i.e. (Henderson and TILTON, 1955).

Where;

T a = insect population after treatment; T b = insect population before treatment; C a = insect population in control plot after treatment; Cb = Insect population in control plot before treatment

The collected data were administered to statistical analysis through analysis of variance (ANOVA) by using SPSS Version 16.0. Significant differences among various treatment means were tested with Turkeys’ HSD test using 5% significant level. The pest population in different treatments was used as a pointer of insecticide effectiveness i.e. lower population of insect pest show higher toxicity of insecticides and vice versa.

Results and Discussion

The mean percentage reduction of jassid population recorded at different time intervals after the first, second and third application of various insecticides is presented in Table 1. Both the neonicotinoids viz; clothianidin and nitenpyram were more effective than the Momentum (a combination of Nitenpyram+Chlorfenapyr), while Insect Growth regulators (IGRs) Buprofezin was moderately effective. However, all the insecticides significantly reduced the jassids population.

Table 1: Insecticides used against Jassid on brinjal crop.

After three consecutive sprays, an overall performance of all the insecticides (Table 2) represent that both the clothianidin and nitenpyram were more effective than momentum, while buprofezin was least effective.

Table 2: Percentage reduction in jassid population on brinjal crop.

The findings of present study showed that nitenpyram and Clothianidin followed by Momentum performed best among the different insecticides against jassid population. This has been supported by the findings of many previous studies (Asi et al., 2008; Aslam et al., 2004; Awan and Saleem, 2012; Khattak et al., 2004; Raghuraman and Gupta, 2006). (Asif et al., 2017) also confirmed that neonicotinoids i.e. nitenpyram are very effective in reducing the population of jassid below economic threshold level. Moreover, (Irshad et al., 2015) reported that nitenpyram reduced the jassid population below ETL after seven days of application. Whereas (Kadam et al., 2014) observed that nitenpyram significantly reduced jassid population over a span of 14 days. Pachundkar et al., 2013 reported that the higher effectiveness was observed with the application of clothianidin 50 WDG (0.025%) against the jassid. Akbar et al., 2010; 2014 and 2008 reported imidacloprid (neonicotinoid) very efficient against Myzus persicae (Sulzer) on various crops including mustard, cabbage and cauliflower when compared with endosulfan. They also endorsed its outstanding effectiveness against Bemicia tabaci Genn. on okra and brinjal (Akbar et al., 2015a; Akbar et al., 2011b; Akbar et al., 2009) and Amrasca devastans Distt. on potato, okra and brinjal (Akbar et al., 2012b; Akbar et al., 2012a; Akbar et al., 2015b). Another study proved that Momentum was effective against jassid till one week after application (Anonymous, 2016).

Buprofezin, being environment-friendly is a commanding endocrine-based bio rational insecticide has been commonly used against different vegetable and field crops’ pests for its target action (Sohrabi et al., 2011). It is also reported that buprofezin is highly effective against sucking pests like aphid, green leafhopper (GLH), brown plant hopper (BPH) etc (Ishaaya et al., 1988; Yasui et al., 1985). In the present study, buprofezin had significant effect on the jassid population but the action was slower i.e. the mortality was gradually increased with significant difference over control where the maximum reduction was observed at 7 days after spraying. This result is consisted with the mode of action of buprofezin that once jassids poisoned with buprofezin, they become unable to produce new cuticle, thereby effectively preventing them from molting to the next stage and finally died by taking somewhat longer time.

Figure 1 presents the time wise effectiveness of all four tested insecticides. Increasing trend was observed in all the insecticides till 168 hours post application, while effectiveness decreased at 336 hours. Whereas, the spray wise efficacy of the tested insecticide (Figure 2) showed higher mortality of jassids after the first spray while second and third spray showed less effectiveness.

Akbar, M.F., N. Yasmin, F. Naz and M.A. Haq. 2008. Efficacy of imidacloprid and endosulfan in comparison with biosal (Biopesticide) against Myzus persicae (sulzer) on mustard crop. Pak. J. Entomol. Karachi. 23(1 and 2): 27-30.

Akbar, M.F., M.A. Haq, N. Yasmin, M.F. Khan and M.A. Azmi. 2011b. Efficacy of bio-insecticides as compared to conventional insecticides against white fly (Bimisia tabaci Genn.) on okra crop. Pak. J. Ent. Karachi. 26(2): 16-23.

Akbar, M.F., H.U. Rana and M.F. Khan. 2015b. Management of Bemicia tabaci (Genn.) On solanum melongena L. Through environmental friendly bio insecticides. Int. J. Bio. Biotech. 12(3): 393-399.

Anonymous. 2016. Annual summary progress report central cotton research institute. In Annual summary progress report central cotton research institute, 73-75. Old Shujaabad Road Multan.

Asi, M.R., M. Afzal, S.A. Anwar and M.H. Bashir. 2008. Comparative Efficacy 0f Insecticides Against Sucking Insect Pests of Cotton. Pak. J. Life Soc. Sci. 6 (2): 140-142.

Asif, M.U., R. Muhammad, W. Akber and M. Tofique. 2017. Relative efficacy of some insecticides against the sucking insect pest complex of cotton. The Nucleus. 53(2): 140-146.

Aslam, M., M. Razaq, S.A. Shah and F. Ahmad. 2014. Comparative efficacy of different insecticides against sucking pests of cotton. J. Res. Sci. 15(1): 53-58.

Awan, D.A. and M.A. Saleem. 2012. Comparative efficacy of different insecticides on sucking and chewing insect pests of cotton. Acad. Res. Int. 3(2): 210.

Bindra, O.S. and M.S. Mahal. 1981. Varietal resistance in eggplant (brinjal) (Solanum melongena) to the cotton jassid (Amrasca biguttula biguttula). Phytoparasitica. 9(2): 119-131. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03158454

Das, G.M. 1959. Bionomics of the tea red spider, Oligonychus coffeae (Nietner). Bulletin Ent. Res. 50(2): 265-274. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007485300054572

Daunay, M.C., R.N. Lester, C. Gebhardt, J.W. Hennart, M. Jahn, A. Frary et al. 2001. Genetic resources of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) and allied species: a new challenge for molecular geneticists and eggplant breeders: In: R.G. van den Berg, G.W.M. Barendse, G.M. van der Weerden and C.Mariani (eds.), Solanaceae V, Advances in Taxonomy and Utilization. Nijmegen University Press, Nijmegen, the Netherlands. 251 -274.

FAO. 2000. Agricultural production data collection. Feinstein, L. (1952). Insecticides from plants. Insects (The Year Book). Agric. Prod. data collect. (available from http://apps.fao.org).

FAO. 2016. FAO STAT Production Databases. In FAO STAT Production Databases. Feinstein, L. (1952). Insecticides from plants. Insects (The Year Book), United States Depart. Agric. Washington D. C. pp 222-229.

Gurusubramanian, G., M. Borthakur, M. Sarmah and A. Rahman. 2005. Pesticide selection, precautions, regulatory measures and usage. Plant Protection in tea: Proc. Plant Protection Work shop. Tocklai Experimental Station, TRA, Jorhat Assam Printing Works Private Limited, Jorhat, Assam, India. pp 81-91.

Handa, S.K., N.P. Agnihotr and G. Kulshrestha. 1999. Pesticides residues; significance management and analysis, research periodicals and book publishing home. Texas, USA, Hardcover. pp 226.

Henderson, C.F. and E.W. Tilton. 1955. Tests with acaricides against the brown wheat mite. J. Econ. Entomol. 48(2): 157-161. https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/48.2.157

Hussain, S., T. Masud and K. Ahad. 2002. Determination of pesticides residues in selected varieties of mango. Pak. J. Nut. 1(1): 41-42. https://doi.org/10.3923/pjn.2002.41.42

Ishaaya, I., Z. Mendelson and V. Melamed-Madjar. 1988. Effect of buprofezin on embryo genesis and progeny formation of sweet potato whitefly (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae). J. Eco. Entomol. 81(3): 781-784. https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/81.3.781

Kadam, D.B., D.R. Kadam, S.M. Umate and R.S. Lekurwale. 2014. Bioefficacy of newer neonicotenoids against sucking insect pests of Bt cotton. Int. J. Plant Prot. 7(2): 415-419. https://doi.org/10.15740/HAS/IJPP/7.2/415-419

Khattak, M.K., S. Ali, J.I. Chishti, A.R. Saljiki and A.S. Hussain. 2004. Efficacy of certain insecticides against some sucking insect pests of mungbean (Vigna radiata L.). Pak. Entomol. 26(1): 75-80.

Kumar, M. and A.K. Singh. 2002. Varietal resistance of okra against cotton jassid, Amrasca biguttula biguttula under field conditions. Ann. Plant Prot. Sci. 10(2): 381-383.

Irshad, M., G. Abbas, M. Amer, M.B. Khokhar, M. Ahmad, M. Zakria and G.A. Khan. 2015. Efficacy of different pesticides for the control of cotton jassid under the changing arid envirnoment of Thal zone. Int. J. Adv. Res. Biol. Sci. 2(1): 121-126.

Mahmood, T., K.M. Khokhar, M. Banaras and M. Ashraf. 1990. Effect of environmental factors on the density of leaf hopper, Amrasca devastans (Distant) on okra. Int. J. Pest Manage. 36(6): 282-284. https://doi.org/10.1080/09670879009371488

Masud, S.Z. and N. Hasan. 1992. Pesticide residues in foodstuffs in Pakistan-Organochlorine, Organophosphorus and Pyrethroid insecticides in fruits and vegetables. Pak. J. Sci. Ind. Res. 35(1): 499-499.

Mehmood, K., M. Afzal and M. Amjad. 2001. Non-traditional insecticides: a new approach for the control of okra jassid. J. Biolog. Sci. 1(2): 36-37.

Nagia, D.K., F. Malik, S. Kumar, M.D. Saleem, M.L. Sani and A. Kumar. 1993. Studies on control of cotton jassid and leaf blight on brinjal crop. Plant Prot. Bull. Faridabad. 45(1):16-18.

Pachundkar, N.N., P.K. Borad and P.A. Patil. 2013. Evaluation of various synthetic insecticides against sucking insect pests of cluster bean. Int. J. Sci. Res. Pub. 3(8): 1-6.

Pakistan Beaureu of Statistics. 2014. Area and production of Important crops. Area Prod. Important crops. pp 37-38.

Raghuraman, M. and G.P. Gupta. 2006. Effect of neonicotinoids on jassid, Amrasca devastans (Ishida) in cotton. Ann. Plant Prot. Sci. 14(1): 17-21.

Rawat, R.R. and H.R. Sahu. 1975. Estimation of losses in growth and yield of okra due to Empoasca devastans Distant and Earias species (India). India. J. Entomol. 35(3): 252-254.

Sarnaik, S.S., P.P. Kanekar, V.M. Raut, S.P. Taware, K.S. Chavan and B.J. Bhadbhade. 2006. Effect of application of different pesticides to soybean on the soil microflora. J. Environ. Biol. 37(2): 423-426.

Sohrabi, F., P. Shishehbor, M. Saber and M.S. Mosaddegh. 2011. Lethal and sublethal effects of buprofezin and imidacloprid on Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). Crop Prot. 30(9):1190-1195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2011.05.004

USDA. 2008. Eggplant (raw) nutrient values and weights for edible portion (NDB No: 11209). USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 21. In Eggplant (raw) nutrient values and weights for edible portion (NDB No: 11209).

Yasui, M., M. Fukada and S. Maekawa. 1985. Effects of buprofezin on different developmental stages of the greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood)(Homoptera: Aleyrodidae). Appl. Ent. Zool. 20(3): 340-347. https://doi.org/10.1303/aez.20.340