Uncovering the Role of Ribosomal Protein L8 in Milk Fat Synthesis Mechanisms in Yak Mammary Epithelial Cells

Milk fat is a vital component of milk, containing a range of nutrients, including unsaturated fatty acids, phospholipids, linoleic acid, fat-soluble vitamins, and lipids (Osorio et al., 2016; Mohan et al., 2021). The milk fat content is a key indicator of milk quality, and it is regulated by genetic, hormonal, nutritional, and environmental factors in the mammary gland cells of milk-producing animals such as cows, yaks, and dairy goats (Li et al., 2019; Jiao et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2020).

The yak (Bos grunniens) is a distinctive breed of cattle that has its roots in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (Xin et al., 2020a, b). The breed and the environment in which it lives are critical factors that influence milk yield in both dairy yak and cow (Ren et al., 2014; Wu et al., 2020). Notably, studies have shown that yak milk contains higher levels of fat than cow milk (Lee et al., 2017). The synthesis of milk fat is a complex biological process that is regulated by various signaling pathways (Bionaz and Loor, 2008; Osorio et al., 2016). While the mechanisms that control milk fat synthesis in cow and dairy goat mammary gland cells have been extensively researched (Mu et al., 2021), information on the genetic regulation of milk fat synthesis in dairy yaks is limited (Lee et al., 2017; Wu et al., 2020). The regulatory mechanisms, including the biological signaling pathways involved in milk fat synthesis in dairy yaks, require further investigation and validation. Two primary signaling pathways for milk fat synthesis in cow and dairy goat mammary gland cells are the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) pathway (Liu et al., 2016; Zhou et al., 2021) and the sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBP1) pathway (Li et al., 2014; He et al., 2021).

Ribosomal protein L8 (RPL8) is an essential component of the 60S subunit of the ribosome, playing a crucial role in ribosome assembly and protein synthesis (Chan and Wool, 1992; Lou et al., 2014). Previous studies have suggested RPL8 as a potential candidate gene for the milk fat percentage trait in dairy cattle (Jiang et al., 2010, 2014; Zheng et al., 2019). However, its biological signaling and regulatory role in milk fat synthesis in dairy Yak remain largely unknown and require further investigation.

Therefore, this study aims to explore the role of RPL8 and the underlying mechanism of milk fat synthesis in Yak mammary epithelial cells (YMECs). Our results reveal that RPL8 plays a critical role in promoting milk fat synthesis in YMECs through the mTORC1-SREBP1 pathway. These findings provide valuable insights into the mechanisms regulating milk fat synthesis in YMECs and broaden our understanding of the biological significance of RPL8 in this process.

Fresh mammary gland tissues were obtained from local abattoir of Tibet, China. The mammary gland tissues were collected immediately after slaughter, and were stored in sterile saline solution at 37 ℃ containing 1% penicillin/streptomycin mixture, and transported to the laboratory in a thermos flask within 2 h. Yak mammary tissue was washed one time with 75% ethanol and then washed several times with DMEM/F12 medium (11320033, Gibco, California, USA) containing 100x penicillin-streptomycin-amphotericin B (C0224, Beyotime, Shanghai, China. The final concentration was 10 x). Then the tissue was cut into pieces (about 1mm3) in DMEM/F12 medium containing penicillin-streptomycin-amphotericin B and washed several times. The pieces were placed at the bottom of the cell culture dish pre-lined with collagen from rat tail Type I (MX0910, MKBio, Shanghai, China). The DMEM/F12 medium containing penicillin-streptomycin-amphotericin B was added to the cell culture dish until the pieces were flooded. The cell culture dish was cultured at 37°C in a atmosphere of 5% CO2. The medium was replaced after every 3 days. About a month later, the cells (mainly fibroblasts and mammary epithelial cells) that grow from the periphery of the pieces filled the bottom of the cell culture dish. The pieces were removed and the cells were digested with 0.25% trypsin and 0.02% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) (C0201, Beyotime, China) at 37°C for 3 min.

The suspension (mainly fibroblasts) was discarded and the adherent cells (mainly mammary epithelial cells) were re-digested with 0.25% trypsin and 0.02% EDTA for 5 min (Luo et al., 2013). The adherent cells were gently blown and mixed evenly, and cultured with DMEM/F12 containing 10% FBS. After approximately 3-5 generations, purified YMECs were obtained. The expression of cytokeratin 18 (CK18, a marker of epithelial cell) and vimentin (a marker of fibroblast, used as a negative control) was measured by immunofluorescence (IF). The expression of β-casein (one of the representative components of milk protein) in YMECs was tested by western blotting (WB) and the secretion of triglyceride (TG) in YMECs was tested by triglyceride test kit (AKFA003M, boxbio, Beijing, China).

To collect the total protein from treated YMEC cells, Cell lysis buffer for Western and IP (P0013, Beyotime, Shanghai, China) containing 1 mM of phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride (PMSF, ST506, Beyotime) was used. The protein concentration was measured using the enhanced BCA protein assay kit (P0010S, Beyotime). A 10% SDS-PAGE gel was used to separate approximately 30 μg of the total protein, which was then transferred onto a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane (FFP39, Beyotime). The membrane was blocked for 1.5 h at room temperature with TBSTx (ST675, Beyotime) containing 5% bovine serum albumin (BSA, ST025, Beyotime) and incubated overnight at 4°C with the primary antibody (diluted with TBSTx).

The membrane was washed three times (5 min at a time) with TBSTx and then incubated with HRP-conjugated secondary antibody (diluted with TBSTx) for 1 h at room temperature. The membrane was washed three times (10 min at a time) with TBSTx and then incubated with BeyoECL Plus (P0018S, Beyotime) for several sec. The chemical fluorescence of HRP was visualized with Tanon-5200 Chemiluminescent Imaging System (Tanon Science and Technology Co., Ltd, China).

The primary antibodies used in this research were as follows: β-actin (13E5) antibody (1: 1, 000, #4970, Cell Signaling Technology, Massachusetts, USA), beta casein antibody (1: 500, bs-0466R, Bioss, Beijing, China), PPAR gamma antibody (1:500, bs-0530R, Bioss), mTOR antibody (1: 1, 000, #2972, Cell Signaling Technology), p-mTOR antibody (1: 1, 000, #2971, Cell Signaling Technology), SREBP1 antibody (1: 1, 000, ab28481, Abcam, Cambridgeshire, UK), RPL8 antibody (1: 1, 000, ab155136, Abcam), FAS antibody (1: 1, 000, ab82419, Abcam), SCD1 antibody (1: 1, 000, ab236868, Abcam), ACC antibody (1: 1, 000, ab45174, Abcam), lamin B1 antibody (1: 1000, ab16048, Abcam, UK) and β-tubulin antibody (1: 1, 000; #2146, Cell Signaling Technology). The secondary antibodies were HRP-conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG (H+L) (1: 2, 000, ZB-2301, ZSGB-BIO, Beijing, China) and HRP-conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG (H+L) (1: 2, 000, ZB-2305, ZSGB-BIO, Beijing, China).

YMECs were treated and cultured according to experimental requirements; the medium of each group of cells was collected. The triglyceride test kit (BC0625, Solarbio Science and Technology Co., Ltd, Beijing, China) was used to determine the content of triglyceride (TG) in the medium, following the manufacturer’s instructions.

YMECs were planted into a 35 mm glass bottom dish (D35-20-1-N, in vitro Scientific, Hangzhou, China) and cultured with DMEM/F12 containing 10% FBS for 12 h and then treated with gene overexpression or silencing according to the experimental design. The treated cells were washed three times with PBS and fixed with ice-cold 4% paraformaldehyde at 4 °C for 15 min. The cells were washed three times with TBSTx (5 min at a time) and then incubated with primary antibodies (diluted with 5% BSA) for 1.5 h at room temperature. To observe the fluorescence of proteins, the cells were washed three times with TBSTx (5 min each time) and incubated with secondary antibodies conjugated to Alexa Fluor 488 and 647 for 1 hour at room temperature in the dark. After washing the cells three times with TBSTx (10 min each time), they were incubated with 2 μg/mL of 4, 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI; C1005, Beyotime) for 15 min at room temperature in the dark, followed by three washes with TBSTx (10 min each time). Laser scanning confocal microscopy (LEICA, Germany) was used to observe the fluorescence of proteins. The primary antibodies used were vimentin antibody (1:500, ab92547, Abcam) and cytokeratin 18 antibody (1:500, ab7797, Abcam), while the secondary antibodies were goat anti-mouse IgG (H+L), Alexa Fluor 488 conjugated antibody (1:200, bs-40296G-AF488, Bioss) and goat anti-rabbit IgG HandL/Alexa Fluor 647 antibody (1:200, bs-0295G-AF647, Bioss).

In this study, the over-expression plasmids of RPL8, mTOR and SREBP1 gene were constructed. The total RNA of YMECs was extracted with TRIZOL RNA isolation reagent (R0016, Beyotime) and the quality of RNA was tested by 2100 Bioanalyzer (Agilent, California, USA). The cDNA was synthesized with M-MLV reverse transcriptase (2641A, TaKaRa, Beijing, China). The PCR primers of RPL8, mTOR and SREBP1 gene were designed with Premier 5 and synthesized by Sangon Biotech Co., Ltd. The NCBI reference sequence of RPL8, mTOR and SREBP1 gene was XM_005911714.2, XM_005901305.2 and XM_014477492.1, respectively. The sequences of these PCR primers are shown in Table I. The gene was cloned and inserted into the eukaryotic expression plasmids pCMV-C-Myc (D2672, Beyotime). The over-expression plasmids of RPL8, mTOR and SREBP1 gene were named pCMV-RPL8-Myc, pCMV-mTOR-Myc and pCMV-SREBP1-Myc, respectively.

The over-expression plasmids of these genes were transfected into YMECs with Lipo6000™ transfection reagent (C0526, Beyotime) according to the protocol. In brief, YMECs were planted into 6 well plates and cultured to the confluence of cells was about 80% with DMEM/F12 medium containing FBS. The medium was changed to FBS-free DMEM/F12 medium. In order to transfect cells, a mixture of overexpression plasmids (2.5 μg/well) and Lipo6000™ transfection reagent (5 μl per well) was prepared by diluting them with 125 μl of FBS-free DMEM/F12 medium. These were then incubated separately for 5 min at room temperature before being mixed together and incubated for an additional 15 min at room temperature. The resulting mixture was added to 6-well plates containing the cells, and after 6 h, the medium was changed to DMEM/F12 with FBS, allowing the cells to be cultured for another 24 h. The blank control (B group) consisted of untransfected YMECs, while the empty plasmid control (EV group) consisted of YMECs transfected with the pCMV-C-Myc plasmid.

In this research, GenePharma Co., Ltd. (GenePharma, Shanghai, China) synthesized specific siRNAs targeting the RPL8, mTOR, and SREBP1 genes, as listed in Table II. The YMECs were transfected with these siRNAs, along with Lipo6000™ transfection reagent, using the same protocol as for gene overexpression. The dosage of siRNA and Lipo6000™ transfection reagent used per well was 100 pmol and 5 μl, respectively. YMECs that were not transfected were used as a blank control (B group), while those transfected with negative control siRNA were used as a negative control (NC group).

The nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins were extracted using the nuclear and cytoplasmic protein extraction kit (P0027, Beyotime) according to the protocol. In brief, the treated cells were washed with PBS. The cells were scraped off with cell scraping (FSCP023, Beyotime), suspended with PBS and transferred to a clean centrifuge tube. The tube was centrifuged at room temperature, 800 g for 10 min, discarded the supernatant. The sediments (cells) were resuspended with cytoplasmic protein extraction reagent A (200 μl per two million cells) containing 1 mM of PMSF and vortexed to the cell precipitate completely dispersed. The cell suspensions were incubated on ice for 10 min. The cytoplasmic protein extraction reagent B was added (10 μl per two million cells), vortexed for 5 sec and incubated on ice for 1 min. Vortexed for 5 sec and centrifuged at 4 ℃, 12, 000 g for 5 min. The supernatant (the cytoplasmic proteins) was collected using a precooled, clean centrifuge tube and stored at -80 ℃. The sediments were resuspended with a nuclear protein extraction reagent (50 μl per two million cells) containing 1 mM of PMSF. The nuclear protein suspensions were vortexed for 20 sec and incubated on ice for 1 min. Repeat the vortex and incubation 30 times. The nuclear protein suspensions were centrifuged at 4 ℃, 12,000 g for 10 min. The supernatant (the cytoplasmic proteins) was collected using a precooled, clean centrifuge tube and stored at -80 ℃.

The statistical analysis of the data was conducted using a one-way ANOVA in Excel, and any differences with a p-value of less than 0.05 were deemed statistically significant. The results were expressed as the mean ± standard deviation (n=3) based on a sample size of three. A bar graph was created using GraphPad Prism 6 to visualize the data. Additionally, grayscale scanning of the WB band and the colocalization of IF were analyzed using ImageJ 2X software. It should be noted that all of the data presented in this study was derived from three independent experiments and then averaged.

The YMECs were cultured and tested their morphology by immunofluorescence (IF) microscope (Fig. 1A). The expression of CK18 (a marker of an epithelial cell) was tested by IF. In every purified YMEC, the CK18 was expressed, and the vimentin (a marker of fibroblast, used as a negative control) was not expressed (Fig. 1B). The ability of milk synthesis of YMECs within 15 generations was evaluated. The expression of β-casein (one of the principal components of milk protein) was tested by WB. The β-casein was expressed in YMECs and it was stable within 5 to 15 generations (Fig. 1C, D). The secretion of TG (one of the principal components of milk fat) was tested using the TG test kit. The TG was secreted in YMECs and it was stable within 5 to 15 generations (Fig. 1E).

The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of RPL8 expression on milk fat synthesis in YMECs. To achieve this, cells were subjected to varying levels of RPL8 expression (over-expression or silencing), and TG was assessed. The results showed that over-expression of RPL8 significantly increased the expression level of RPL8 (Fig. 2A-B) and the secretion of TG (Fig. 2C) in YMECs. Conversely, YMECs treated with RPL8 silencing showed a significant decrease in RPL8 expression (Fig. 2D, E) and TG secretion (Fig. 2F). This result suggested that RPL8 promoted milk fat synthesis in YMECs. We conducted further experimental trials to explore the biological mechanism through which RPL8 regulates milk fat synthesis in yak.

The SREBP1 and PPARγ signaling pathways play a crucial role in regulating milk fat synthesis (Osorio et al., 2016; Mu et al., 2021). To investigate the impact of RPL8 on these pathways, YMECs were subjected to RPL8 over-expression or silencing. Additionally, the expression of ACC, FAS, SCD1, SREBP1, and PPARγ, as well as the nuclear and cytoplasmic localization of SREBP1, were evaluated in YMECs after over-expression or silencing of RPL8. The results demonstrated that over-expression of RPL8 significantly increased the expression of ACC, FAS, SCD1, and SREBP1 (Fig. 3A, B), and promoted the nuclear localization (Fig. 3C, D) of SREBP1, while suppressing its cytoplasmic localization (Fig. 3C, E). Conversely, RPL8 silencing led to a significant decrease in the expression of ACC, FAS, SCD1, and SREBP1 (Fig. 3F, G), and inhibited the nuclear localization (Fig. 3H, I) of SREBP1, while enhancing its cytoplasmic localization (Fig. 3H, J). These findings suggest that RPL8 plays a crucial role in regulating milk fat synthesis through the SREBP1 and PPARγ signaling pathways. The expression of RPL8 (over-expression/silencing) did not affect expression of PPARγ in YMECs (Fig. 3A, B, F, G). These findings showed that RPL8 regulated SREBP1 signaling pathway not PPARγ pathway in YMECs.

To determine if the SREBP1 pathway plays a role in RPL8-mediated promotion of milk fat synthesis, YMECs were co-treated with RPL8 over-expression or silencing and SREBP1 over-expression or silencing, and the expression of RPL8 and SREBP1, as well as TG secretion, were evaluated. The results showed that cells subjected to RPL8 over-expression displayed a significant increase in the expression of RPL8 and SREBP1, as well as TG secretion (Fig. 4A, C). However, the increase in SREBP1 expression and TG secretion was blocked by SREBP1 silencing (Fig. 4A, C). Conversely, cells subjected to RPL8 silencing displayed a significant decrease in the expression of RPL8 and SREBP1, as well as TG secretion (Fig. 4D, F). However, the decrease in SREBP1 expression and TG secretion was restored by SREBP1 over-expression in YMECs (Fig. 4D, F). Interestingly, the expression of RPL8 remained unchanged after SREBP1 silencing or over-expression (Fig. 4A, D, E). Therefore, it can be concluded that SREBP1 is involved in the regulation of RPL8-mediated milk fat synthesis and acts as a downstream factor of RPL8. This confirms that RPL8 promotes milk fat synthesis through the SREBP1 pathway in YMECs.

Previous studies have suggested that the mTORC1 pathway plays a role in regulating milk fat synthesis and is one of the upstream pathways of SREBP1 (Che et al., 2019). To investigate the impact of RPL8 on the mTORC1 pathway, YMECs were subjected to RPL8 overexpression or silencing, and the expression of mTOR and p-mTOR was evaluated. The results showed that the expression of both mTOR and p-mTOR (Fig. 5A, B), as well as the rate of p-mTOR/mTOR (Fig. 5C), was significantly increased in cells treated with RPL8 overexpression. Conversely, cells treated with RPL8 silencing displayed a significant decrease in the expression of both mTOR and p-mTOR (Fig. 5D, E), as well as the rate of p-mTOR/mTOR (Fig. 5F). These findings suggest that RPL8 activates the mTORC1 pathway in YMECs.

In order to investigate the potential involvement of mTORC1 in regulating the activation of the SREBP1 pathway by RPL8, YMECs were subjected to co-treatment with either RPL8 overexpression or silencing, as well as mTOR silencing or overexpression. The expression of SREBP1, mTOR, and RPL8, as well as the nuclear localization of SREBP1, were all assessed. The results demonstrated that overexpression of RPL8 led to a significant increase in the expression of SREBP1, mTOR, and RPL8 (Fig. 6A, B), as well as the nuclear localization of SREBP1 (Fig. 6C, D), accompanied by a significant decrease in the cytoplasmic localization of SREBP1 (Fig. 6C, E). These effects were found to be blocked by mTOR silencing. Conversely, silencing of RPL8 resulted in a significant decrease in the expression of SREBP1, mTOR, and RPL8 (Fig. 6F, G), which could be restored by mTOR overexpression. These findings suggest that mTORC1 functions as a downstream factor of RPL8, and is involved in regulating the SREBP1 pathway. Specifically, RPL8 appears to activate the SREBP1 pathway through mTORC1 in YMECs.

In order to assess the impact of mTORC1 on milk fat synthesis in YMECs, we conducted tests on cells that were either treated with mTOR overexpression or silencing, and measured the secretion of TG. The findings revealed a significant increase in the expression of mTOR (Fig. 7A, B) and secretion of TG (Fig. 7C) in cells subjected to mTOR overexpression. Conversely, mTOR silencing resulted in a significant decrease in the expression of mTOR (Fig. 7D, E) and secretion of TG (Fig. 7F).

To investigate whether the SREBP1 pathway played a role in regulating mTORC1 in milk fat synthesis in YMECs, we treated the cells with either mTOR overexpression or mTOR overexpression/SREBP1 silencing and measured the secretion of TG. The results demonstrated that the expression of mTOR and SREBP1 (Fig. 7G, H) and secretion of TG (Fig. 7I) were significantly increased in cells treated with mTOR overexpression. However, SREBP1 silencing blocked the increase in the expression of SREBP1 and secretion of TG (Fig. 7G-I), while the expression of mTOR remained unchanged in YMECs treated with SREBP1 silencing (Fig. 7G-I).

These findings indicate that mTORC1 promotes milk fat synthesis and that SREBP1 is involved in regulating mTORC1 in the context of milk fat synthesis. Furthermore, mTORC1 promotes milk fat synthesis through the SREBP1 pathway in YMECs.

Research has indicated that palmitic acid (PA) has unique and specific effects in lactating dairy cows, consistently increasing the concentration and yield of milk fat (Sears et al., 2020). In order to assess the impact of PA on the expression of RPL8, mTOR, and SREBP1, as well as the secretion of TG, YMECs were treated with PA at concentrations of 0, 50, and 100 μM, and the expression of these proteins and secretion of TG were measured. The findings revealed a significant increase in the expression of RPL8, mTOR, and SREBP1 (Fig. 8A, B) and secretion of TG (Fig. 8C) in cells treated with 50 and 100 μM of PA, indicating that PA promotes the expression of RPL8, mTOR, and SREBP1, as well as TG secretion in YMECs.

The primary function of mammalian mammary epithelial cells is lactation, which involves the synthesis of milk protein and the secretion of milk fat (Luo et al., 2018). In this study, we isolated and cultured in vitro primary YMECs and confirmed their epithelial cell identity through the expression of the marker CK18 (Jiang et al., 2015a, b; Luo et al., 2019). To assess the lactation function of the YMECs, we tested the expression of β-casein and the secretion of triacylglycerol (TG), the main components of milk protein and milk fat, respectively (Jiang et al., 2015a, b; Li et al., 2019). We found that the YMECs exhibited positive expression of CK18, β-casein, and secretion of TG, indicating successful purification and culturing of YMECs with lactation function. These cells can be used in subsequent gene function experiments.

RPL8 is a component of the 60S subunit of the ribosome and plays a role in protein synthesis (Chan and Wool, 1992; Lou et al., 2014). Previous studies have shown a strong association between RPL8 and milk fat percentage in dairy cattle through genome-wide association analysis (Jiang et al., 2010, 2014). In lactating cows, the expression of genes related to milk fat synthesis is affected by RPL8, and it is considered a promising candidate gene for milk fat percentage trait in dairy cattle (Liu et al., 2017; Zheng et al., 2019). In our study, we overexpressed and silenced RPL8 to investigate its regulatory role in milk fat synthesis in YMECs. Our findings suggest that RPL8 is a positive regulator of milk fat synthesis, and its overexpression significantly promotes the secretion of TG in YMECs.

Milk fat synthesis in mammalian mammary glands is regulated by several key genes and pathways, including the SREBP1 and PPARγ pathways (Osorio et al., 2016). SREBP1 is a transcription factor that promotes fatty acid and triglyceride biosynthesis by activating genes encoding these enzymes (Li et al., 2014). PPARs and their pathways are known to play a regulatory role in adipocyte differentiation and adipose metabolism (Bolsoni-Lopes et al., 2015). In our study, we investigated the effect of RPL8 on both the SREBP1 and PPARγ pathways. Our results indicate that RPL8 specifically activates the SREBP1 pathway, but not the PPARγ pathway, to promote milk fat synthesis in YMECs.

The SREBP1 pathway is activated by several upstream factors or pathways, such as insulin and growth factor through the PI3K-AKT-mTORC1 pathway, and cholesterol through LXR (Oppi-Williams et al., 2013; Xu et al., 2019). In our study, we investigated the effect of RPL8 and mTOR on the activation of the SREBP1 pathway and milk synthesis. Our results suggest that both RPL8 and mTOR act as upstream factors of SREBP1, promoting milk fat synthesis through the SREBP1 pathway. Additionally, mTOR acts as a downstream factor of RPL8 and regulates milk fat synthesis through the mTORC1-SREBP1 pathway in YMECs.

Palmitic acid is a 16-carbon saturated fatty acid, which is the most common saturated fatty acid found in plants, animals, and many microorganisms (Piantoni et al., 2013; Loften et al., 2014). Recent studies have revealed that palmitic acid has unique and specific functions in lactating dairy cows beyond its ubiquitous energy source (Rico et al., 2016; Western et al., 2020). Palmitic acid supplementation has been shown to consistently increase the concentration and yield of milk fat in Holstein cows (Sears et al., 2020).

In our study, we investigated the effect of palmitic acid on milk fat synthesis in YMECs. We observed that the addition of palmitic acid significantly regulated milk fat synthesis, as evidenced by an increase in the secretion of TG, and also elevated the expression level of genes involved in milk fat synthesis, such as RPL8, mTOR, and SREBP1. Our findings indicate that palmitic acid promotes milk fat synthesis through the RPL8-mTORC1-SREBP1 pathway in YMECs.

In conclusion, our study highlights the crucial role of RPL8 as a positive regulator of milk fat synthesis in YMECs. We have demonstrated that the expression of RPL8 is promoted by palmitic acid, which then activates the mTORC1-SREBP1 pathway to promote milk fat synthesis. These findings enhance our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of milk fat synthesis in YMECs. Moreover, our study suggests that the RPL8 gene and mTORC1-SREBP1 signaling could serve as valuable markers for improving milk fat production in yak.

We acknowledge the financial support provided by Central Government Guided Local Science and Technology Development Fund Project (XZ202101YD0017C) and State Key Laboratory of Hulless and Yak Germplasm Resources and Genetic Improvement Project (XZNKY-2021-C-014-Z04).

The present study was supported by Central Government Guided Local Science and Technology Development Fund Project (XZ202101YD0017C) and State Key Laboratory of Hulless and Yak Germplasm Resources and Genetic Improvement Project (XZNKY-2021-C-014-Z04). The authors highly acknowledge their financial support.

The animal study was reviewed and approved by the Animal Welfare Committee of the Ethics Committee of Dalian University. In brief, we confirmed that the ethical policies of the journal, as noted on the journal’s author guidelines page, have been adhered to and the appropriate ethical review committee approval has been received. All of the experimental procedures applied in this study were conducted according to the principles of state key laboratory of hulless and yak germplasm resources and genetic improvement (Lhasa, China) and Tibet Autonomous Regional Academy of Agricultural Sciences (Lhasa, China) Animal Care and Use Committee, which approved the study protocols.

The manuscript is an original work and has not been submitted. The study complies with current ethical consideration. We confirmed that all the listed authors have participated actively in the study, and have seen and approved the submitted manuscript. The authors do not have any possible conflicts of interest.

All the data is available in the submitted manuscript.

The authors have declared no conflict of interest.