Pandemics have far-reaching and complex effects on human society, and can have a profound impact on the way we live, work, and interact with one another. Although, the substantial advancement in healthcare industries is an undeniable fact, still, there is a crucial need to resolve the inadequacies to overcome the glitches. The widespread of pandemics in general and corona virus in particular has motivated researchers to study the patterns of spread and evolution of diseases in population. The increase rate of the COVID-19 has captured the attention of researchers to analyze the COVID-19 cases on the basis of spatio-temporal patterns occurring on several hotspots. This study provides the foundations for analyzing the communicable diseases in context of both spatio, and temporal features. The aim of the hotspot spatial analysis is to determine the most impacted regions by the COVID-19. This research involves investigation of disease hotspots in space and time on the Covid dataset for 36 districts of Punjab Pakistan. The data is investigated using ideal hot spot analysis, which scrutinizes the location of hot spot sites over a certain span of time. Spatio-temporal hotspot identification of coronavirus can help in understanding the spread and transmission dynamics of the virus over time and space. It can aid in identifying areas with high infection rates and allow for targeted interventions to control the spread of the virus. This information can be useful in informing public health policy and resource allocation for managing the pandemic.
Research Article · Volume 44, 15 November 2025 · Open Access
Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Infectious Diseases for Hotspot Identification and Evolution: A Special Case of COVID-19 in Punjab Pakistan
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Affiliations & Notes ⌄
- 1Department of Computer Science, Bahria University, E8, Islamabad, Pakistan
- 2Islamabad Medical and Dental College, Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Medical University, Islamabad, Pakistan
- 3Center of Excellence in Artificial Intelligence (CoE-AI), Department of Computer Science, Bahria University, Islamabad, Pakistan. , *Correspondence: Fatima Khalique, Center of Excellence in Artificial Intelligence (CoE-AI), Department of Computer Science, Bahria University, Islamabad, Pakistan
- 4Email: fkhalique.buic@bahria.edu.pk
Article Info ⌄
- Journal:
- Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences
- Published:
- 15 November 2025

Abstract
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