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Article · Volume 4, Issue 6, Pages 327–331, 20 June 2016 · Open Access

Picobirnavirus: A Putative Emerging Threat to Humans and Animals

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Journal:
Advances in Animal and Veterinary Sciences
Published:
20 June 2016
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From the article

  • Picobirnaviruses (PBVs) are small bi-segmented dsRNA viruses of 35 nm diameter, which are considered as one among the important gastrointestinal infection causing viruses.
  • Recent metagenomic analyses indicate enormous presence of PBV in different host species samples and environmental samples.
  • Persistence of PBV infection as studied in wild animals and its ability to infect immuno-compromised hosts makes PBV to be noted as serious emerging infectious agents.
  • Even though EM, RNA-PAGE, qPCR has been devised for PBV detection, RdRp based RT-PCR is considered as the rapid and sensitive diagnostic method for PBVs.

Selected from the article's own text.

Abstract

Jobin Jose Kattoor, Shubhankar Sircar, Sharad Saurab, Shanmuganathan Subramaniyan, Kuldeep Dhama, Yashpal Singh Malik* 

ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India.

Abstract | Diarrheal diseases remain fatal threat to human and animal population with the emergence of new types of pathogens. Among them, viral gastroenteritis plays a lion share with a number ranging over 100 different types including emerging and re-emerging types of viruses. Recent viral metagenomics studies confirm the co-existence of viruses in gastrointestinal tract of several different host species. A Picobirnavirus, consisting of 2 segments, has recently attained attention due to its wide host range and genetic variability. Until 2011, these small viruses were not considered as a separate virus family, when a new family (Picobirnaviridae) was approved by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). Currently two distinct genogroups (GG-I and GG-II) and one predicted genogroup (GG-III) are included in the Picobirnaviridae family. Recently, picobirnavirus infections have been reported from almost all species including wild animals where persistent infection of the virus is also reported. Picobirnaviruses (PBVs) are also reported as opportunistic pathogens in immuno compromised hosts including HIV infected patients. Presence of atypical picobirnaviruses with shorter genomic segments along with genetic closeness of animal and human PBVs and its ability to infect immuno-compromised hosts pose a heavy threat for all human and animal. Currently RNA dependent RNA polymerase based RT-PCR detection is considered as a rapid and sensitive method for detection of PBV. SYBR based real time PCR, RNA PAGE analysis, electron microscopy also serve as detection methods for PBVs. Unavailability of permissive cell lines or animal models remain hurdles for studying the different molecular mechanisms for viral entry, disease causation or even the mode of persistence in reservoir hosts.

Keywords | Picobirnavirus, Enteritis, Genogroups, Diagnosis, Epidemiology

Conclusions

 

Picobirnaviruses (PBVs) are small bi-segmented dsRNA viruses of 35 nm diameter, which are considered as one among the important gastrointestinal infection causing viruses. In 2011, ICTV classified PBVs into a new family Picobirnaviridae, which were earlier included in Birnaviridae because of its bi-segmented double stranded RNA genome. After its discovery in 1988, it has been documented from different host species including domesticated, wild animals, reptiles, birds and humans. Even though PBVs are not established as a primary etiological agent for diarrhea, their co-existence in enteritis conditions have been reported by several researchers. Till now, two established genogroups (I and II) and one putative genogroups (III) have been identified in picobirnaviruses. Absence of permissive cell lines and specific animal models hinder molecular mechanism studies for PBVs. Recent metagenomic analyses indicate enormous presence of PBV in different host species samples and environmental samples. Persistence of PBV infection as studied in wild animals and its ability to infect immuno-compromised hosts makes PBV to be noted as serious emerging infectious agents. Even though EM, RNA-PAGE, qPCR has been devised for PBV detection, RdRp based RT-PCR is considered as the rapid and sensitive diagnostic method for PBVs.

 

Acknowledgements

 

The authors are thankful for the support of Director, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, U. P. India for providing facilities to carry out the basis for this work.

 

conflict of interests

 

There is no conflict of interest.

 

authors’ contribution

 

All authors contributed equally.

 

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