Studies of the obtained material were carried out at the Department of Animal Anatomy of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Establishment of Higher Education “St. Petersburg State University of Veterinary Medicine” during 2019 - 2020.
As cadaver material, Anglo-Nubian goats were used, obtained during slaughter from the Gzhel Compound farm in the Moscow Region, and delivered to the Department of Animal Anatomy.
For studying features of the ways and branching sinus veins of the heart of Anglo-Nubian goats, carried out a set of measures which included: X-ray diffraction, the manufacture of corrosive preparations using non-shrink plastic masses of the acrylic series, and the production of enlightened preparations according to the method of as modified by Zelenevsky and Schipakina (2016) with a vascular injection of black soot on gum turpentine with the addition of ethyl ether.
The study carried out in three age groups: newborn animals 10-14 days; sexually mature individuals 6-7 months; one-year-old goats 12 months and older.
The age was determined by scorecards, by the conclusion of the veterinary specialist of the farm “Gzhel Compound” and by the dental formula corresponding to the methods of Professor Kalugin I.I. There was examing total of 25 animals.
Corrosion preparations made using plastic “Redont-3” according to the method developed by morphologists “Omsk State Agrarian University named after P.A. Stolypin” under the guidance of Professor Honin G. A. in the modification of Prusakov et al. (2016, 2017).
Research methods and the number of animals studied by the age groups presented in Table 1.
For this, one part of the dry substance dissolved in two parts of the solvent. To make a strong preparation, the solution stirred with a glass rod within two minutes, and then the resulting mass by syringe injected through the cannula into the aortic bulb. Because the polymer “Redont-03” quickly solidifies in a syringe and cannula, it injected rapidly under pressure. After injection of the plastic mass, the material was fixed in a 10% formalin solution for a week, then simmered for one hour. Subsequently, the preparations corroded in an aqueous solution of potassium hydroxide (diluted 1: 2) for 4–10 days. During the corrosion treatment, the preparations were periodically washing in running water to better clean the polymer print from lysed surrounding tissues. During processing, all soft tissues under the action of potassium hydroxide dissolve only a polymer imprint of the cavities of the test object remains.
Before carrying out the method of X-ray diffraction, the cadaver material heated in a water bath at a temperature of 50 °C for 4-5 hours. Then the next stage of preparation for the study was abdominal aortic catheterization. To access it, the corpse of an Anglo-Nubian goat laid on the right side, and the abdominal wall was opened, making a transverse incision behind the convex edge of the last rib. Then, the vascular bed was washed with a 0.5% solution of ammonia until blood clots completely disappeared from the opened veins. A radiopaque mass for injections was prepared according to Chumakov V. Yu. in the modification of Zelenevsky (2013): Equal parts lead minium, liquid paraffin, turpentine + ethyl ether + ethyl alcohol; Iron minium - 15%, glycerol 40-60%, ethyl alcohol + ethyl ether - up to 100%; and Shchipakina and Prusakov (2013), consisting of lead whitewash - 45.0%, gum turpentine - 45.0% and gypsum powder - ten%.
By combining the methods, the arterial bed of the studied Anglo-Nubian goats filled by V.Yu. Chumakova mass, and K.I. Kulchitsky, with venous mass modification by N.V. Zelenevsky. Thus, in the obtained X-ray diffraction patterns, it is possible to distinguish the vessels of the arterial bed from the venous one, since the molecular mass of the iron minium (~ 160) is almost five times less than the same indicator for lead and, accordingly, absorbs X-rays to the least extent.
Table 1: Characterization of the test material.
Table 2: Age-related changes in the large cardiac vein of the goat of the Anglo-Nubian breed, mm.
When preparing the radiopaque mass according to the recipe, Shchipakina and Prusakov (2013), gypsum powder introduced into the mixture of liquid components with a thin stream. Then the resulting mass was thoroughly mixed within 20 to 30 minutes until a homogeneous suspension with a viscosity similar to blood plasma. The features of this technique are the fact that the resulting composition must be using immediately, and powder of medical gypsum must be sieving through a sieve before use. The advantage of this mass is that it quickly penetrates the blood vessels, including the terminal bed, and the vascular x-ray diffraction pattern shows a bright, clear, and contrasting shadow.
After injection of the x-ray with a contrasting mass, the cadaver material was placed for 5-7 days in a 10.0% formaldehyde solution for the best penetration of the introduced suspension into its terminal bloodstream.
X-ray diffraction of the injected preparations carried out under the following technical conditions: current strength 50 mA, the voltage on the tube 35 kV, focal length up to 50-60 cm, exposure time up to 2-3 seconds. Life-size photo-prints were taken from the x-ray programs, scanned and processed in the RadiAnt electronic program on a PC.
For the manufacture of enlightened preparations, a 3.0% mascara gelatin solution or colloidal charcoal used as a contrasting mass. Due to the finely dispersed properties of the contrast mass, not only extra organic arteries and veins, but also blood vessels are forming the microcirculatory bed, filled on the studied preparation.
For a more detailed study of the organization of the microcirculatory system, enlightened preparations made according to the Shpaltegolts method V. modified by using concentrated glycerol and 2.0% KOH.
Variational-statistical processing of the research results. using the data analysis package in the program “Excel Windows Office XP” and “Statistika” 6.0” (Statsoft, USA) with a calculation of the arithmetic mean and its standard error (M ± m).
In the statistical analysis of the data obtained, the Student t-test was used for independent samples, while differences at p <0.05 were considered significant.
All anatomical and histological terms correspond to the “International Veterinary Anatomical Nomenclature”, fifth edition, translation and Russian terminology of Professor Zelenevsky (2013); “International Histological Nomenclature”
