Comparative analysis of DNA damage categories in pancreatic tissue of dogs across different treatment groups. Negative Control group (non-diabetic, untreated), Positive Control group (diabetic, saline treated) induced by alloxan–nicotinamide). Ginger ethanolic extract (GEE) group (diabetic, treated with 81.7 mg/kg BW GEE for 6 weeks). GEE-chitosan nanoparticles (GEE-CNPs) group(diabetic, treated with 81.7 mg/kg BW GEE-CNPs for 6 weeks). CNPs group (diabetic, treated with 81.7 mg/kg BW CNPs for 6 weeks). Bars with different letters are statistically significant(P<0.05). Error bars represent the standard error of mean(SEM).