Major source of ROS production in Hepatic cell. The catalytic process of oxidoreductase Ero1 and NADPH oxidase (NOX) in the endoplasmic reticulum generates ROS. During cellular respiration, mitochondria transfer electrons to oxygen and generate ROS as a byproduct of oxidative oxidation. Mitochondrial ROS are mostly produced during oxidative phosphorylation of electron transport chains (ETCs) present in the inner mitochondrial membrane. The main cause of ROS generation in peroxisomes is peroxisomal β-oxidation. Acyl-CoA is converted to Enoyl-CoA by acyl-CoA oxidase containing FAD, which provides electrons directly to oxygen to produce H₂O₂ (Ma et al., 2022).