Trace Minerals in Blood and Colostrum in Naemi Ewes and their Neonates Fed with Long Term Prepartum Sustained-Release Trace Elements Ruminal Bolus

Mutassim M. Abdelrahman1,*, Riyadh S. Aljumaah1, Moez Ayadi1 and Shabana Naz2

1Department of Animal production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O.Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

2Department of Zoology, GC University, Faisalabad, Pakistan

ABSTRACT

The aim of this study was to find the effect of the administration of slow release boluse of trace elements bolus in Naemi ewes during late gestation. Thirty Naemi ewes were divided into two groups. One group served as a control while the other was treated with rumen bolus of trace elements containing copper (Cu) cobalt (Co); selenium (Se), manganese (Mn); zinc (Zn) and iodine (I). Blood samples were collected from ewes and their newborns at parturition. Colostrum yield and biochemical analysis at parturition was also determined. A significant (P<0.05) increase of calcium (Ca), Zn, Co and Se levels in blood of ewes treated with bolus with a significant increase in phosphorous (P), Co and Se in the blood of their newborn lambs. Furthermore, a significantly higher (P<0.05) inorganic matter percentage in colostrum was found in treated group compared to the control. The body weight of lambs in treated group at 30 and 60 days was significantly (P<0.05) higher when compared with the control. In conclusion, trace mineral boluses supplementation to pregnant ewes at late gestation improved minerals status of the ewes and their newborns at parturition and consequently enhanced body weight.

Article Information

Received 04 February 2017

Revised 01 March 2017

Accepted 24 March 2017

Available online 26 July 2017

Authors’ Contribution

MMA did all experimental work, wrote the manuscript and followed up the team. RSA contiburted to the field work and analysed the data and results. MA did the lab work for milk and wrote the relevant part in the manuscript. SN analysed the blood samples. RSA and SN helped in writing and improving the manuscript.

Key words

Trace minerals boluses, Naemi ewes, Newborns, Colostrum, Metabolites.

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.pjz/2017.49.4.1471.1476

* Corresponding author: amutassim@ksu.edu.sa

0030-9923/2017/0004-1471 $ 9.00/0

Copyright 2017 Zoological Society of Pakistan

Introduction

Dam nutrition is a crucial factor during the late pregnancy for the survival and health status of the newborn in small ruminants (Mahoub et al., 2013). For the proper development of newborn, an adequate supply of nutrients is essential. It has been documented that inadequate supply of essential nutrients may negatively affect the birth weight and health status of newborn (Abdollahi et al., 2013). In addition, suboptimal nutrition also retards the growth of mammary gland, lactation performance leading to reduced colostrum and milk availability of for the newborn (Tygesen et al., 2008). The negative effects of malnutrition in newborns are more prominent where there is scarce availability of feed stuffs (Alhidary et al., 2016a). The low growth of the forages is usually associated with inadequate supply of trace minerals which are necessary for the proper growth and development of the newborns (Mundell et al., 2012).

Trace minerals have been identified as essential for the proper growth of farm animals (Alhidary et al., 2016b, c). The trace elements required by small ruminants include copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), selenium (Se), molybdenum (Mo), iodine (I), cobalt (Co), iron (Fe), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), and zinc (Zn) (Abdelrahman et al., 2017). It has been well documented that supplementation of trace minerals improve productive and reproductive performance in ruminants (Mundell et al., 2012; Abdollahi et al., 2013; Abdelrahman et al., 2017). Due to inadequate supply of essential trace elements, supplementation of long acting rumen trace element bolus is considered important for the alleviation of the minerals deficiency (Alhidary et al., 2016a, b). Deficiency of trace minerals causes metabolic disorders, impaired fetal growth, stillbirth, abortion, early embryonic death and increase the mortality rate in newborn (Hostetler et al., 2003; Abdollahi et al., 2013).

This study was planned to investigate the effect of using trace minerals boluses as a source of Se, Cu, Zn, Co and Mn to Naemi ewes at late gestation (60 days prepartum) on the mineral profile of the ewes and their newborn lambs at birth, colostrum composition and weight of the newborn.

Materials and methods

All ewes and newborn lambs used in this trial were treated according to King Saud University regulations for animal care, handling and management.

Animals and management

A total of thirty healthy multiparous ewes of Naemi breed (3-4 years old; single lambing) were selected at late gestation (-60 days prepartum) at Al- Khaldiah farm located in the semi-arid area in Al- Riyadh region, Saudi Arabia. The ewes were raised under an intensive production system having identical conditions of feeding and management. Randomly half of the ewes were treated with a ruminal trace mineral bolus. Each bolus contains copper 3,944 mg; cobalt 95 mg; selenium 45 mg; manganese 3013 mg; zinc 4366 mg and iodine 330 mg. The bolus lies in the reticulum and dissolves from a constant surface area and provides a continuous and regular supply of the above trace minerals for 180 days. The other 15 ewes were considered as a control group. The experiment lasted for 60 days postpartum.

The ewes were fed pelleted concentrate diet (450 g per head; pellets consists of barley (Hordeum vulgare), corn maize (Zea mays), soybean hull (Glycine max), palm (Elaeis guineensis) seed meal, alfalfa (Medicago sativa), sugar molasses and Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana) (750 g per head; Table I). Water was provided ad libitum to all ewes for the entire period. Newborn lambs from both groups were weighted at birth, 30 and 60 days old.

Samples collection and preparation

Blood samples were collected from the jugular vein at parturition from the ewes and their newborns using vacutainer tube without anticoagulant to separate serum. Serum was separated by centrifuge (3000 rpm during 15 min). Colostrum samples were collected from each ewe at the second day postpartum, morning and evening, and homogenized. Serum and colostrum samples were stored at -20ºC till analysis.

Biochemical analysis

Serum samples were analyzed for glucose, total protein, cholesterol, albumin, Cu, Zn, Ca and P by spectrophotometer using commercial kits (United diagnostics Industry, Dammam 31413, KSA). Selenium concentration was analyzed using ICP-MS analysis. Moreover, colostrum samples were analyzed for fat, protein, lactose, total solid (TS) and solid not fat (SNF) values using Milko Scan (Minor Type 78100, Foss Electric, Denmark).

Table I.- Chemical composition of the experimental concentrate pellets and Rhodes grass (As fed).

All data were analyzed by analysis of variance using the GLM procedure (SAS, 2009) as a complete randomized design (CRD) with repeated measurements. The differences between mean were tested by protected least significant difference. P values less than 0.05 was statistically considered significant.

Table II.- The effect of mineral supplementation at late gestation of Naemi ewes on their minerals and newborn status.

Table III.- The effect of mineral supplementation at late gestation of Naemi ewes on their metabolites and newborn status.

Table IV.- Effect of trace mineral boluses on colostrum composition of Naemi ewes raised under intensive system.

A significant increase of Ca, Zn, Co and Se levels in blood of ewes treated with boluses was observed when compared to the control (Table II). For the newborn lambs, P, Co and Se were significantly increased in the blood of lambs in the boluses treated ewes. In dams, Ca, Zn, Co and Se were significantly (P<0.05) high in the treated groups.

Blood glucose, total protein, cholesterol, creatinine, urea-N and triglyceride levels of Naemi ewes and their newborn lambs in both control and bolus treated groups are reported in Table III. A significant (P<0.05) increase in total protein and cholesterol level in blood of ewes treated with bolus when compared to the control. For the newborn lambs, glucose, urea-N and triglyceride were significantly (P<0.05) decreased in the blood of lambs from the bolus treated ewes. The nutritive values of colostrum in both groups were reported in Table IV. The colostrum inorganic matter was significantly affected by bolus supplement compared with unsupplemented ewes (1.08 vs 0.90%: P < 0.05). The total solid in treated ewe colostrum was numerically higher compared with the control (16.01 vs 15.66%). Lambs in treated ewes with boluses showed a significantly (P<0.05) higher body weight at 30 and 60 days of age when compared with lambs from the control group (Fig. 1).

Late gestation and early lactation are the most critical stages in ewes’ life cycle. The daily nutrient requirements increase for fetal rapid growth and milk production. All mineral values in blood of dams and the newborn fell within the normal recommended range, except for Co and Zn (Puls, 1994; Herdt and Hoff, 2011). Phosphorus concentration in blood of the newborn lambs was significantly higher than the control, but did not vary between the ewes. These values agreed with those reported by Antunovic et al. (2011) and Azab and Abdel-Maksoud (1999). The opposite trend was reported for the Ca levels in which ewes from the control group showed a significantly lower level compared with the treated ewes, but no significant difference was reported for the newborn from both the group. These values agreed with that reported by Antunovic et al. (2011) and Yildiz et al. (2005) in lactating ewes at early lactation.

The Se level in blood was above the lower limit (0.020 ppm) recommended by NRC (1985) and Underwood and Suttle (1999). The blood Se concentration of supplemented ewes with the mineral boluses was significantly increased compared with the control. The same trend was reported for newborn lambs. The trace minerals boluses were found to be very effective to maintain an adequate supply of Se during critical pregnancy period and lactation. This finding completely agreed with the results reported by Hayashida et al. (2003).

Copper concentration in blood of ewes supplemented with trace mineral bolus and their newborns were numerically higher compared with the control group. Both groups showed a higher Cu concentration compared with the reference range reported by Underwood and Suttle (1999) and Puls (1994) for ruminants. The levels reported in this study were below the toxic levels. Hayashida et al. (2003) reported a significant increase in plasma Cu concentration of does supplemented with trace mineral boluses which partially agreed with our findings. The same trend was reported by Abdollahi et al. (2013) when supplemented ewes with trace mineral slow release boluses. Results indicated that trace mineral boluses improve the Cu status of pregnant ewes at late gestation and their newborn during the early lactation periods.

A significant increase of Zn and Co levels in blood of treated ewes with bolus were expected due to the presence of high level of both minerals. A numerical increase in Zn was reported in the newborns of the treated group, while Co level was significantly high in the newborn compared with the control. Cobalt level was higher than normal even in the control group (0.10 - 0.30 µg dl-1; Miller et al., 1993). Abdelrahman et al. (2001) reported a higher Co concentration (0.49 -1.30 µg dl-1) in blood of ewes and their newborn raised under the intensive system which agreed with our findings.

The reference range of Zn in the blood of ewes ranged from 0.08 to 0.12 mg dl-1 according to Puls (1994) and Herdt and Hoff (2011). Zinc concentration for ewes and newborns from boluses treated group were higher than the normal range and compared with the control group. These values were below the toxic levels reported by Puls (1994).

As a general trend regarding the effect of trace mineral supplementation, Kendall et al. (1997) reported an elevation in blood Zn, Se and Co status as a result of trace minerals bolus supplementation which completely agreed with our findings.

The reference range of protein, Urea-N, cholesterol, triglyceride, creatinine and total protein are as follow: 50.09 - 80.00 mg/dl; 8.01- 20.00 mg/dl; 52.12 - 76.10 mg/dl; 9.0 - 17.600 mg dl-1; 0.57-1.23 mg dl-1 and 6.0-7.90 g dl-1 g/dl, respectively (Antunovic et al., 2011; Hindson and Winter, 2002). The values for total protein and creatinine were falling within the reference range, but glucose values were lower for dams and newborn lambs in the treated group (Table III). The low glucose levels at parturition may be associated with the high demand of glucose for fetal development at late gestation, which negatively affects the glucose levels of ewes at parturition. Furthermore, a higher concentration of urea-N, cholesterol and triglyceride in the blood of the control and treated ewes may be due to the higher demand of energy which resulted in breakdown of protein and fat reserve of the body.

Impact of trace minerals supplementation on milk yield and composition are variable. Nocek et al. (2006) and Siciliano et al. (2008) reported a significant effect of trace minerals supplementation on milk components which generally agreed with our findings. Changes in milk composition could be due to the involvement of these trace minerals in many other physiological processes (McDowell, 2003). On the other hand, Cortinhas et al. (2012) reported no effect of Zn, Cu and Se source on milk yield and composition.

Minerals have been found to be very crucial in ruminants’ growth and productivity (Underwood, 1981). Minerals required for proper functioning of ruminants’ body tissues and prevent diseases as a negative effect of their deficiency (Langlands et al., 1994; Swecker et al., 1995). Minerals involve in the defense system against free radicals that damage the biological system through the formation of the metalloenzymes which include glutathione peroxidase, catalase and superoxide dismutase (McDowell, 2002).

There were few studies that reported the effect of trace minerals supplementation on birth and weaning weight by administration of these trace minerals in late pregnancy of ewes. Norouzian et al. (2014) and Fisher and MacPherson (1991) reported that birth weight did not change in response to Co supplementation in late pregnancy in ewes which is in agreement with our results. The same trend was reported by Van Niekerk et al. (1995) when pregnant ewes supplemented with Cu at late gestation. The results of this trial may be due to the optimum level of Zn, Se and Co status of the newborns after birth and the corresponding colostrum yield.

Conclusion

Using trace minerals slow release boluses supplementation to Naemi ewes improved Se, Zn and Co status of ewes at parturition and Co and Se of their newborns at birth. Inorganic percentage in colostrum increased in treated group and consequently weight of neonates.

Acknowledgement

The authors extend their appreciation to the Deanship of Scientific Research at King Saud University for funding this work through the research group project No. RGP- 042. Special thanks to Dr. Tag El-Sir, Dr. Abobaker Alhaj and Dr.Abdelrahman Jaralnabi for their help in samples collection, preparation and analysis.

Statement of conflict of interest

Authors have declared no conflict of interest.

References

Abdelrahman, M.M., Aljumaah, R.S. and Khan, R.U., 2017. Effects of prepartum sustained-release trace elements ruminal bolus on performance, colustrum composition and blood metabolites in Najdi ewes. Environ. Sci. Poll. Res., 24: 9675–9680. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-8625-1

Abdelrahman, M.M., Gazan, W. and El-Ghusien, S., 2001. The calcium, phosphorus and magnesium status of lactating awassi ewes and their newborns raised under intensive and semi-intensive system. J. King Saud Univ., 15: 89-99.

Abdollahi, E., Kohram, H., Shahir, M.H. and Nemati, M.H., 2013. The effect of slow- release multi-trace element ruminal bolus on trace element status, number of ovarian follicles and pregnancy outcomes in synchronized Afshari ewes. Iran J. Vet. Res., 16: 63-68.

Alhidary, I.A., Abdelrahman, M.M. and Khan, R.U., 2016a. Comparative effects of direct-fed microbial alone or with a traces mineral supplement on the productive performance, blood metabolites and antioxidant status of grazing Awassi lambs. Environ. Sci. Poll., Res., 23: 25218-25223. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-7684-z

Alhidary, I.A., Abdelrahman, M.M., Alyemni, A.H., Khan, R.U., Al-Saiady, M.Y., Amran, R.A. and Alshamiry, F.A., 2016b. Effect of alfalfa hay on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and meat quality of growing lambs with ad libitum access to total mixed rations. Rev. Bras. Zootec., 45: 302-308. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1806-92902016000600004

Alhidary, I.A., Abdelrahman, M.M., Khan, R.U. and Haroon, R.M., 2016c. Antioxidant status and immune responses of growing camels supplemented a long-acting multi-trace minerals rumen bolus. Ital. J. Anim. Sci., 15: 343-349. https://doi.org/10.1080/1828051X.2016.1186502

Antunovic, Z., Novoselec, J., Sauerwein, H., Speranda, M., Vegara, M. and Pavic, V., 2011. Blood metabolites profile and some of hormones concentration in ewes during different physiological status. Bulg. J. agric. Sci., 17: 687-695.

Azab, M.E. and Abdel-Maksoud, H.A., 1999. Changes in some hematological and biochemical parameters during prepartum and postpartum periods in female Baladi goats. Small Rumin. Res., 34: 77-85. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-4488(99)00049-8

Cortinhas, C.S., Freitas, J.E., Naves, J.R., Porcionato1, M.A., Silva1, F.P., Rennó, F.P. and Santos, M.V., 2012. Organic and inorganic sources of zinc, copper and selenium in diets for dairy cows: intake, blood metabolic profile, milk yield and composition. Rev. Bras. Zootec., 41: 1477-1483. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-35982012000600023

Fisher, G.J. and Mac Pherson, A., 1991. Effect of cobalt defi-ciency in the pregnant ewe on reproductive performance and lamb viability. Res. Vet. Sci., 50: 319-327. https://doi.org/10.1016/0034-5288(91)90132-8

Hayashida, M., Orden, E.A., Cruz, E.M., Cruz, L.C. and Fujihara, T., 2003. Effect of intraruminal solubles glass bolus on blood selenium and plasma mineral levels of grazing does under backyard conditions in selected area in Nueva Ecija, Philippines. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci., 16: 189-197. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2003.189

Herdt, T.H. and Hoff, B., 2011. The use of blood analysis to evaluate trace mineral status in ruminant livestock. Vet. Clin. N. Am. Fd. Anim. Prac., 27: 255–283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvfa.2011.02.004

Hindson, J.C. and Winter, A.C., 2002. Manual of sheep diseases, 2nd edition. Blackwell Publishing, London, UK. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470752449

Hostetler, C.E., Kincaid, R.L. and Mirando, M.A., 2003. The role of essential trace minerals in embryonic and fetal development in livestock. Vet. J. 166:125-139.

Kendall, N.R., Mackenzie, A.M. and Telfer, S.B., 1997. Effect of soluble cobalt, selenium and zinc glass bolus on humoral immune response and trace element status in lambs. Trace Elements in Man and Animals Proceeding, pp. 442-444.

Langlands, J.P., Donald, G.E., Boweles, J.E. and Smith, A.J., 1994. Selenium concentration in the blood of the ruminants grazing in the Northern South wales. Aust. J. agric. Res., 45: 1701-1714. https://doi.org/10.1071/AR9941701

Mahoub, H.D.H., Ramadan, S.G.A., Helal, M.A.Y. and Aziz E.A.K., 2013. Effect of maternal feeding in late pregnancy on behaviour and performance of Egyptian goat and sheep and their offspring. Global Vet., 11: 168-176.

McDowel, L.R., 2002. Recent advances in minerals and vitaminson nutrition of lactating cows. Pak. J. Nutr., 1: 8-19. https://doi.org/10.3923/pjn.2002.8.19

McDowell, L.R., 2003. Minerals in animal and human nutrition, 2nd ed. Elsevier Science, Amsterdam.

Miller, J., Ramsey, N. and Madsen, F., 1993. Trace elements. The ruminant animal. New Jersy, USA, pp. 394.

Mundell, L.R., Jaeger, J.R., Waggoner, J.W. Stevenson, J.S., Grieger, D.M., Pacheco, L.A., Bolte, J.W., Aubel, N.A., Eckerle, G.J., Macek, M.J., Ensley, S.M., Havenga, L.J. and Olson, K.C., 2012. Effect of prepartum and postpartum bolus injections of trace minerals on performance of beef cows and calves grazing native range. Prof. Anim. Sci., 28: 82-88. https://doi.org/10.15232/S1080-7446(15)30318-1

Nocek, J.E., Socha, M.T. and Tomlinson, D.J., 2006. The effect of trace mineral fortification level and source on performance of dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci. 89: 2679-2693. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(06)72344-X

Norouzian, M.A., Malaki, M. and Khadem, A.A., 2014. Effects of parenteral administration of Cobalt, Copper and Iron in late pregnancy on ewe hematology and lamb vigour. Iran. J. appl. Anim. Sci., 4: 285-289.

NRC, 1985. Nutrient requirements of sheep. National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council, Washington D.C.

Puls, R., 1994. Mineral levels in animal health: diagnostic data. Sherpa International, Clearbrook, BC, Canada.

SAS, 2009. SAS user’s guide of statistics. SAS Inst, Carry, USA.

Siciliano, J.L., Socha, M.T. and Tomlinson, D.J., 2008. Effect of trace mineral source on lactation performance, claw Integrity, and fertility of dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci., 91: 1985-1995. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2007-0779

Swecker, W.S., Thatcher, C.D., Eversole, D.E., Blodgett, D.J. and Schuring, G.G., 1995. Effect of selenium supplementation on colostrum IgG concentration in cows grazing selenium- deficient pastures and postsuckle serum IgG concentration in their calves. Am. J. Vet. Res., 56: 450-453.

Tomlinson, D.J., Socha, M.T. and DeFrain, J.M., 2008. Role of trace minerals in the immune system. In: Proc. Penn State Dairy Cattle Nutrition Workshop. Grantville, PA, pp. 39-52.

Turner, R.J. and Finch, J.M., 1991. Selenium and the immune response. Proc. Nutr. Soc., 50: 275-285. https://doi.org/10.1079/PNS19910037

Tygesen, M.P., Nielsen, M.O., Nørgaard, P., Ranvig, H., Harrison, A.P. and Tauson, A.H., 2008. Late gestational nutrient restriction: Effects on ewes’ metabolic and homeorhetic adaptation, consequences for lamb birth weight and lactation performance. Arch. Anim. Nutr. 62:44–59.

Underwood, E.J., 1981. The mineral nutrition of livestock. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, CABI Publishing, U.K.

Underwood, E.J. and Suttle, N.F., 1999. The mineral nutrition of livestock, 3rd edition. CABI Publishing, U.K. https://doi.org/10.1079/9780851991283.0000

Underwood, E.J. and Suttle, N.F., 2001. The mineral nutrition of livestock, 3rd edition. CABI Publishing, New York, pp. 614-632.

Van Niekerk, F.E., Cloete, S.W.P., Vander Merwe, G.D., Heine, E.W.P. and Scholtz, A.J., 1995. Parenteral copper and selenium supplementation of sheep on legume-grass pastures: bio-chemical and production responses in lambs to maternal treatment. J. South Afr. Vet. Assoc., 66: 11-17.

Yildiz, A., Balikci, E. and Gurdogan, F., 2005. Some mineral levels at pregnancy and postpartum in single and twin pregnant sheep. Biol. Trace Elem. Res., 107: 247-254. https://doi.org/10.1385/BTER:107:3:247