Evaluating Green Concentrate on Physiological and Metabolic Blood Profile of Friesian Holstein Cows in Negative Energy Balance
Evaluating Green Concentrate on Physiological and Metabolic Blood Profile of Friesian Holstein Cows in Negative Energy Balance
Renny Fatmyah Utamy1*, Ambo Ako1, Zyahrul Ramadan2, Muhammad Ihsan Andi Dagong1, Herry Sonjaya1, Fatma Maruddin1, Azisah Nurfadilah3, Nur Fajri Muhlis3, Andi Akmal Haerul3, Putri Intani3
ABSTRACT
Negative energy balance (NEB) is common in early lactation dairy cows, significantly impacting the performance and metabolism of Friesian Holstein (FH) dairy cows. Feeding green concentrate is an effective strategy to prevent NEB due to its high protein content and palatability. This study aims to assess the effects of green concentrate on the physiological status and metabolic blood profile of dairy cows. Utilizing a completely randomized design (CRD), the study included three treatments with six replications: Commercial Concentrate (CC), Green Concentrate Formulation-1 (GCF1), and Green Concentrate Formulation-2 (GCF2). Key indicators for evaluating the impact of green concentrate on reducing NEB in dairy cows encompassed physiological parameters (such as body temperature, respiratory rate, and heart rate), heat tolerance (including heat tolerance coefficient, HTC, and Benezra coefficient, BC), hematological aspects (like red blood cells, RBC, white blood cells, WBC, hemoglobin, and hematocrit), liver function tests (such as aspartate transaminase, AST, alanine aminotransferase, ALT, and alkaline phosphatase, ALP), and blood urea levels. The results indicated that FH dairy cows fed green concentrate improved significantly (p<0.05) in physiological values, including body temperature, RBC count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, AST, and ALP levels. Furthermore, highly significant effects (p<0.01) were observed in heart rate and blood urea levels. These evaluation indicators demonstrated that the cows receiving green concentrate had enhanced nutritional intake, positively influencing their physiological status and metabolic blood profile. This research suggests that farmers can utilize green concentrate as an effective measure to mitigate NEB and as a cost-effective substitute for commercial concentrates, ultimately contributing to the improved welfare of dairy farmers.
Keywords | Friesian holstein, Green concentrate, Metabolic blood profile, Negative energy balance, Physiological, Metabolic blood profile
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May 2025
Adv. Anim. Vet. Sci., Vol. 13, Iss. 5,
