Competitive Study Between Raw and Nano-Propolis as Feed Additive in Broiler and its Effect on the Immune System
Competitive Study Between Raw and Nano-Propolis as Feed Additive in Broiler and its Effect on the Immune System
Abeer S. Hafez1, Shereen M. Aly1, Dalia M. A. Elmasry2*, H. A. Hussein3, Marwa A. Abdelmagid4
A: HRTEM revealed that droplets size 4.065±1.12 nm, there no aggregation, size homogeneity, and spherical nature. (Central Lab. of Agriculture Collage –Cairo University); Figure 1B: Cell viability % of Propolis ethanolic extract and propolis nanoemulsion effect on Vero cells; Figure 1C: FTIR of Propolis ethanolic extract and propolis nanoemulsion.
Effect of propolis ethanolic extract and propolis nanoemulsion on Lysozyme concentration at different ages. Different small letters indicate significant differences between groups within the same period. Data were expressed as mean ± SE at (P < 0.05).
Effect of propolis ethanolic extract and propolis nanoemulsion on total antioxidant capacity concentration at different ages. Different small letters indicate significant differences between groups within the same period. Data were expressed as mean ± SE at (P < 0.05).
Effect of propolis ethanolic extract and propolis nanoemulsion on HI antibody titer against NDVV at different ages. Data were expressed as mean ± SE at (P < 0.05).
Effect of propolis ethanoic extract and propolis nanoemulsion on mRNA gene expression of γ interferon. Different small letters indicate significantly different between groups within the same period .Data were expressed as mean ± SE at (P < 0.05).
Effect of propolis extract and propolis nanoemulsion on mRNA gene expression of IL-2. Different small letters indicate significantly different between groups within the same period. Data were expressed as mean ± SE at (P < 0.05).
photomicrograph of bursa (HandE); 14 day; mild lymphoid depletion and interlobular edema (arrow) (A) – mild lymphoid depletion, hyperplasia of cortical epithelium and perifollicular edema (arrow) (B) – marked bursitis with lymphoid depletion and severe edema (arrow) (C) – 21 day; noticeable medullary depletion (black arrow) and hyperplasia of cortical epithelium (red arrow) (D) – slight lymphoid depletion of the medulla (E and F) – 28 day; marked lymphoid follicle with follicular cyst formation (red arrow)and hyperplasia of cortex(black arrow) (G) – normal bursal architecture with normal diffuse lymphoid follicles and outer cortices (H and I).
photomicrograph of spleen (HandE); 14 day; splenitis with mild lymphoid depletion and noticeable vasculitis (arrow) (A and B) – focal lymphocytic depletion and necrosis of lymphocytes (arrow) (C) – 21 day; multiple vasculitis (black arrow) and mild lymphoid depletion (D) – normal splenic architecture with negligible focal lymphoid depletion (E and F) – 28 day; marked lymphocytic necrosis (black arrow) with thickened capsule (G) – multiple lymphocytic depletion of lymphoid nodules (H) – normal splenic architecture and lymphoid aggregation (I).
photomicrograph of thymus (HandE); 14 day; mild lymphoid depletion of thymic medulla with increased number of Hassall’s corpuscles (arrow) (A,B,C)– 21 day; lymphoid depletion in cortex and medulla with medullary hemorrhages (arrow)(D) – focal lymphoid depletion in cortex and medulla (E) – marked lymphoid depletion, congestion of blood vessels (arrow) and increased number of Hassall’s corpuscles(F) -28 day; marked lymphoid depletion in cortex and medulla (G,H,I).
photomicrograph of intestine (HandE); moderate enteritis with destruction of the villi and focal lymphocytic cells infiltration (arrow) (A, D, G), mild enteritis with frequently intact villi and few lymphocytic cells infiltration (B, E, H), marked enteritis with destructed villi and lymphocytic cells infiltration (arrow) (C,F,I).
