Ammonia (NH3) Emissions in Laying Hen Farms: Distribution and Influencing Factors in Sidrap, Indonesia
Ammonia (NH3) Emissions in Laying Hen Farms: Distribution and Influencing Factors in Sidrap, Indonesia
Muhammad Irfan Said1*, Sri Purwanti2, La Ode Alhamd3, Urfiana Sara4, Muhammad Azhar4
ABSTRACT
Manure is a waste product from laying hens that has the potential to produce pollutant gases (ammonia)(NH3). In general, manure produces volatile gases. Many factors influence the distribution of gases from the metabolic process of manure. This can significantly disrupt the productivity of laying hens, the working community, and the environment around the cage. The dynamic pattern of the distribution of pollutant NH3 gases from the metabolic process in laying hen farms is then studied and examined further. This study evaluates the distribution dynamics of NH3 gases produced by laying hen farms. This phenomenon results from a study and case study in Sidrap Regency, South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. This research study has applied quantitative methods to determine the effect of independent variables (X) on dependent variables (Y). A total of 120 laying hen farm units have been involved in this research study as samples in Sidrap Regency. The Smart Sensor Gas Ammonia AR8500 system was used to measure the amount of NH3 gas (variable Y). A total of 11 types of variable X have been involved in analyzing the effect on variable Y. Based on this number, it is further divided into 3 categories of factors, namely: factor (1) dietary, which consists of (a) feed protein content (Fpc) (%) and (b) daily feed consumption (Dfc)(g/head/day). Factor (2) climate, consisting of (a) temperature (Tm)(°C); (b) relative humidity (Rh)(%); (c) temperature-humidity index (THI); and (d) wind speed (Ws)(m/s). Factor (3) is the management and housing system, consisting of: (a) population (Pop)(head); (b) Stocking density (Stden)(head/m2); (c) farm height area (Fha)(meter above sea level) (masl); (d) height cages (Hc)(m); and (e) manure accumulation period under the cages (Map)(days). The positive (+) correlation analysis results indicate that an increase in the value of the Pop, Tm, THI, Dfc, Fpc, and Stden variables will also spur an increase in the amount of NH3 in the air environment. However, an increase in the number of Rh, Ws, Fha, Hc, and Map variables will reduce the levels of NH3 around the cage (negative correlation). The Hc and Map variables moderately influence the amount of NH3 around the cage. The Hc (r = -0.286) and Map (r = -0.272) variables are inversely proportional to NH3 gas production. The increasing Hc value (y = -0.4903x + 1.3539) causes the amount of NH3 gas to decrease. The distance of the cage floor >1.5 m tends to reduce the amount of NH3 gas and the Map variable with the regression equation (y = -0.0007x+1.0626). Climate, dietary and management factors, and housing system factors influence 33.4%, while other independent variables affect the remaining 66.6%.
Keywords | Manure, Gas, Ammonia, Laying hens, Farm, Pollutant
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May 2025
Adv. Anim. Vet. Sci., Vol. 13, Iss. 5,
