Scheme of Hydrogen bonding between β-phosphate of GDP and backbone of P-loop (residues 13–17) in WT (left) and G13D (right) (Figure adapted from Lu et al., 2015). RAS family is direct or indirect regulator of complex signalling mechanism like, RAS-ERK-MAPK, PI13K, ral guanine nucleotide dissociation stimulator (RALGDS) and protein kinase C (PKC) etc. (Khan et al., 2018), hence involved in plethora of molecular activities associated with normal cellular functions.