Squamate Fauna of Southern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Tank and Lakki Marwat Districts), Pakistan

1Department of Zoology, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan 2Department of Zoology, Wildlife, and Fisheries, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan 3Department of Botany and Zoology, Bacha Khan University, Charsadda, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 4Northeast Forest University No.26, Hexing Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin City, Heilongjiang Province, China 5Department of Zoology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan Article Information Received 30 March 2023 Revised 20 April 2023 Accepted 04 May 2023 Available online 27 July 2023 (early access)


INTRODUCTION
L ike other components of biodiversity, species of snakes and lizards hold an important position in the ecosystem. They are found in a wide range of habitats including deserts featuring extreme environmental conditions (Ghadage, 2012;Gibbons et al., 2000). They constitute a significant percentage of the vertebrate biomass (Burkett-Cadena et al., 2008). They are important indicators of ecosystem health (Hanlin et al., 2000). Reptiles are threatened with extinction globally due to a multitude of threats (Cox et al., 2022).
The information about geographical distributions of species at local as well as global scale is poor-the Wallacean shortfall (Whittaker et al., 2005). The reptilian fauna of Pakistan is diverse. Reptiles are represented by testudines, lizards, snakes, and crocodile species in Pakistan (Khan, 2006). Species checklist and herpetofauna inventories of various areas of Pakistan are available (Hamid et al., 2021;Ali et al., 2016Ali et al., , 2021Bibi et al., 2013Bibi et al., , 2020Adil et al., 2020b;Khalid et al., 2019;Jamal et al., 2018;Balouch et al., 2016;Rais et al., 1997Rais et al., , 2015Rais et al., , 2021Masroor, 2011;Baig et al., 2006Baig et al., , 2008, but many geographical areas of the country have still not been explored. We, therefore, conducted the present study to fill this gap and report the squamate fauna (snakes and lizards) of Southern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Tank and Lakki Marwat Districts) for the first time. Our findings will enhance existing knowledge O n l i n e

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of the herpetofauna of the country and could be used to prepare species atlas of the country in the future.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
The study was conducted in southern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Tank (32.2752 N, 70.3837 E) and Lakki Marwat (32.6080 N,70.9114 E) Districts, Pakistan, from April 2021 to October 2022. We randomly selected 21 sites for data collection (Fig. 1) representing seven habitats: mountain regions, tropical dry deciduous forests, sandy patches, sand dunes, hard clay cliffs, deserted hard soil, and small rivers (Fig. 2). Tank Districts has a lowland area with some hills located in the southern parts. It has a total area of 1, 679 km 2 . It is bounded by Lakki Marwat District in the northeast, Dera Ismail Khan in the east and southeast, and South Waziristan in the southwest, west, and northwest. The Lakki Marwat District also features a lowland area and some parts of mountains. The southern boundary of the Lakki Marwat is covered by a range of low hills ranging from Dara Tang Pass to Sheikh Badin (Dara Pezu).
The total area of Lakki Marwat is 3,164 km² (Ullah et al., 2014). The climate of both districts is arid to semiarid. Annual rainfall ranges between 250-300 mm. High temperatures are recorded in June and July (35-45 °C). The coldest months of the year are December, January, and February (5-8 °C) (Marwat et al., 2012). The main crops of both districts are Wheat, Gram, Maize, Sugar Cane, vegetables, Fruits, Dates, Melon, and Watermelon (Saeed and Khan, 2014). We carried out a total of 13 field surveys from April 2021 to October 2022. We followed the active searching method. We observed and collected specimens using a snake stick, and noose traps. We handled the specimen using gloves. We recorded the geographical coordination of the collection sites using GPS (MAPS. ME-Offline maps, travel guides and navigation). The specimens were collected and euthanized using ethanol. We then fixed and preserved the specimens in a 10% formalin solution (Ziegler, 2007). The specimens were identified using keys given by Khan (2006).

RESULTS
The studied southern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa districts showed heterogeneous squamate assemblage. We collected a total of 28-eight squamate species distributed over 13 O n l i n e

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families. We documented 13 lizards (eight families) and 15 snakes (five families) species from the study area (Table I). Table I

DISCUSSION
The information about geographical distributions of the species at local as well as global scales is poor-the Wallacean shortfall (Whittaker et al., 2005). Although there is a dearth of literature on the species inventory of various parts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Hamid et al., 2021;Bibi et al., 2020;Khalid et al., 2019;Jamal et al., 2018), there are still many geographical areas of the province which have not been studied. We report the squamate fauna of Tank and Lakki Marwat Districts for the first time.

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Lizards and Snakes of Southern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 5 Laudakia nupta was collected and observed from hard clay cliffs and rocky hills from different sites in district Tank. It is high in number in the study area. In Pakistan, it is documented from Balochistan, southwestern Sindh, the Waziristan mountains in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, and the Kalabagh area in northwestern Punjab, along with the western bank of the Indus (Khan, 2003). Khan (1980) reports that it is sometimes found on hard clay cliffs instead of rocks and very common in towns on walls and graves built of earth, but equally common on rocky hills far from dwelling places (Smith, 1935) only on rocks jutting from a salt pan (Hellmich, 1959).
Trapelus rubrigularis was collected from gravel plains in Tank District. It is endemic to Pakistan and has been reported from Waziristan, Baluchistan, and some parts of Sindh (Khan, 2006). Eubeipharis macularius was collected from rocky terrain hills, mudflats with sparse vegetation and bushes, and clayey land during the night in different sites of the two districts. In Pakistan, this species was reported from AJ & K, northern Punjab, Baluchistan, and lower Sindh (Khan, 2006). This lizard species is caught in the wild and is traded illegally. From the genus Hemidactylus, three species were documented in this study: Hemidactylus persicus, Hemidactylus brookii, and Hemidactylus flaviviridis. H. persicus was encountered from barren rocky terrain hills. This species is found in Baluchistan, southern parts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, and westernmost parts of Sindh in Pakistan (Muhammad and Khan, 2004). H. brookii is regarded as a species complex (Kathriner et al., 2014;Lajmi et al., 2016) and commonly inhabits the bark of trees, logs, leaf litter, piles of dead branches, and other rubbish. The common Indus Valley house gecko H. flaviviridis is the most familiar house gecko throughout the subcontinent (Muhammad and Khan, 2004) and commensal with human habitations.
A. cantoris was collected along the sandy patches of the Gomal Zam River and their branches, the species is reported from similar habitats found in other parts of Pakistan (Khan, 2006). Eutropis dissimilis was observed from croplands mostly during the daytime. It inhabits moist open grass fields and extends into tilled land. Rais et al. (2015) and Baig et al. (2008) reported the species from Chakwal and the Cholistan Desert. Saara hardwickii was collected from barren open hard soil areas with sparse vegetation from throughout Tank District. This species is trapped and killed in large numbers by local black people either for eating or extracting oil purposes. In Punjab, it has been recorded throughout Bahawalnagar, Dera Ghazi Khan, and Mianwali Districts and Cholistan Desert Ali et al. (2017). It is also distributed in the Indus Valley and extends into Las Bela southern Baluchistan and Margala Hill National Park (Khan, 2004(Khan, , 2006Masroor, 2011;Adil et al., 2020a;Balouch et al., 2016). Among the Genus Varanus two species were documented: V. bengalensis and V. griseus. The former was collected in areas with soft and clay soils, rocky hills, and near the villages in the two studied districts. In Pakistan, it is documented throughout the plains of Punjab and Sindh, sub-Himalayan tracts, and Waziristan (Khan, 2003). V. griseus was collected from near Gambila Bridge, tehsil Naurang district Lakki Marwat.
Rough-scaled sand boa was collected from croplands and from villages. Hameed et al. (2021) reported it from Sheikh Baddin National Park, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Colubrids are advanced snakes and occur nearly worldwide, although marginally in Australia. The family constitutes almost two-thirds of the living snakes (Webb et al., 1978). We found the majority of the recorded snake species from this family. Four species of venomous were collected from the study area: Bungarus caeruleus, Naja naja, Naja oxiana, and E. carinatus. These snake species are reported in Pakistan from a variety of habitats (Khan, 2006).

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We owe a deep sense of gratitude to Rescue 1122, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK), Kohat University of Sciences and Technology (KUST) and PMAS Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi for providing assistance, equipment and supplies. We thank Shahzeb Sherani, Taimur Khan, Nabeel ur Rehman and Mussadiq Zaman for their help during this work.

Funding
The study received no external funding.

IRB approval
The study was approved by the Department Graduate Committee, KUST, Kohat, KPK.

Statement of conflict of interest
The authors have declared no conflict of interest.

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Lizards and Snakes of Southern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa