Epitopes Determination for OMICRON: The COVID-19 New Variant

for the OMICRON variant has been predicted through bioinformatics tools and several databases have been used to identify suitable natural inhibitors. The OMICRON variant was analyzed to identify suitable vaccine candidates by identifying B-Cell epitopes. To design a drug, REPAGLINIDE and ENT-NATEGLINIDE were identified as natural inhibitors based on docking score. To design a vaccine the B-cell epitope i


T here may be hundreds of viruses belonging to
Coronavirus family but there are six viruses i.e., 229E, NL63, OC43, HKU1, SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV that have been reported which causes mild to severe respiratory tract infection in humans (Su et al., 2016). At the end of 2002, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) was reported. Later on, around the end of 2012, Middle east respiratory syndrome (MERS-CoV) was reported which emerged from an animal reservoirs in the human population and caused severe respiratory illness with high mortality rates (Wang et al., 2013;Zhong et al., 2003). A novel coronavirus i.e., severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV2) causes an infectious disease called coronavirus disease  and emerged in late 2019 (Lai et al., 2020). It has been reported in Wuhan; a city in China and was identified in December 2019. COVID-19 causes dry cough, sore throat, fever and loss of taste and smell but more rare complications like heart injury have also been reported to be caused by the virus (Du Toit, 2020). On 11 th March 2020, The World Health Organization (WHO) declared the severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV2), as a pandemic that quickly spread around the world (Du Toit, 2020; Kumar et al., 2021). The family of Coronavirus is made up of four genera based on their genetic properties, including alpha beta, gamma, and delta O n l i n e

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coronavirus . The coronaviruses are single-stranded positivesense RNA (+ssRNA) viruses, which mainly causes respiratory and central nervous system disease in humans and animals (Perlman and Netland, 2009). Human coronaviruses namely HCoV-OC43, HCoV-229E, HCoV-NL63 and HCoV-HKU1 circulate in humans, causing mild respiratory diseases (Owusu et al., 2014). Nevertheless, the SARS-CoV outbreak in 2002, and the MERS-CoV outbreak in 2012 demonstrated that coronaviruses would cross the barrier to species, and emerge as highly pathogenic viruses (Owusu et al., 2014;Fung et al., 2020). Along with humans, cattle, pigs, horses, camels, dogs, cats, birds, bats, rabbits, ferrets, mink, snakes, and other animal species are susceptible to coronavirus infection (Ji et al., 2020). Like all coronaviruses, 2019-nCoV consists of a minimum of three viral proteins namely spike protein (S) (a type of glycoprotein), a membrane protein (M) that spans the membrane, and an envelope protein (E); a highly hydrophobic protein that covers the entire structure of the coronavirus. The spike (S) glycoprotein in the coronavirus recognizes the host cell receptors, and causes an important role in viral infection (Pillaiyar et al., 2016).
On November 24, 2021, a new SARS-CoV-2 variant (B.1.1.529) was identified in South Africa. The first case attributed to B.1.1.529 was reported on December 1, 2021, in the United States by a person who had returned from South Africa. On December 2, 2021, a second case was reported in a person with no international travel history, who also attended a convention in the days preceding symptom onset. Omicron variants have also been detected in travel-related cases in several European countries, as well as Australia, Canada, Brazil, Hong Kong, Japan, Israel, Nigeria, Norway, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. A few countries, including the United States, have reported cases of people with no history of visiting southern Africa.
The United Kingdom Health Security Agency designated B.1.1.529 on November 25, 2021, as a Variant Under Monitoring (VUI-21-NOV-01) (Williams et al., 2021). Technical Advisory Team assessed B.1.1.529 on November 26, 2021, to determine the SARS-CoV-2 virus evolution . TAG-VE advised WHO that this alternate should be selected as the Variant of Concern (VOC) and WHO named B.1.1.529 as the VOC as Omicron (Manjunath et al., 2022). The WHO classification as VOC was based on epidemiological data showing an increase in disease in South Africa in November 2021 and associated with the discovery of Omicron.
Omicron has many spike protein modifications. One among these modifications is known in some organisms to be associated with reduced therapeutic potential for monoclonal antibodies or reduced convalescent neutrality and vaccine resistance. The European Center for Disease Prevention and Control also classified these variants as VOCs because of the escape of the immune system, and the strong stretch of infection as compared to the Delta variant (Saxena et al., 2021). The SARS-CoV-2 Interagency Group (SIG) established by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services is responsible for variant classifications in the United States. The SIG meets regularly to assess the risks posed by the SARS-CoV-2 divergence circulating in the United States and around the world, and to make recommendations regarding classification. The decision made by SIG on November 30, 2021, to classify the Omicron variant as a VOC was based on a number of factors including the cases attributed to Omicron in many countries and the countries without travel history, transmission, and replacement of Delta as the predominant variant in South Africa. In the spike protein, the number and position of substitutions, and data available for other variants with fewer substitutions in the spike protein indicate a reduction in neutralization by a vaccine, convalescent sera, and specific monoclonal antibody treatments. There are two variants of VOC classified by the United States: Omicron and Delta. On December 2, 2021, two confirmed cases related to Omicron variants were detected in the United States, and other possible Omicron cases are being investigated. Delta continues to be the predominant circulating variant. On August 26, 2021, CDC published information on "What We Know about the Delta Variant". Importantly, almost all selected categories such as Delta remain vulnerable to monoclonal antibody treatment, and vaccines continue to be highly effective against severe illness, hospitalization and death among people infected with the Delta variant.

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Delta with Omicron as the predominant variant in South Africa raises concern that the Omicron variant may be more transmissible than Delta. But due to the low number of cases in South Africa when Omicron emerged, it is unclear if this variant is more transmissible than the Delta variant. Further, the relatively small number of cases documented to date makes it difficult to estimate transmissibility. Analysis of the changes in the spike protein indicates that the Omicron variant is likely to have increased transmission as compared to the original SARS-CoV-2 virus, but it is difficult to infer if it is more transmissible than Delta. N501Y increases binding to ACE2 receptor which may increase transmission, and the combination of N501Y and Q498R may increase binding affinity even more. However, other substitutions in the Omicron spike protein are expected to decrease binding to ACE2. As such, receptor binding affinity needs to be assessed using the full spectrum of spike protein substitutions found in the Omicron variant. H655Y is proximal to the furin cleavage site and may increase spike cleavage, which can aid transmission. While N679K is proximal and adds to the polybasic nature of the furin cleavage site, which may also increase spike cleavage and could aid transmission. Additionally, P681H has been shown to enhance spike cleavage that can aid transmission. This mutation is found in Alpha and an alternate mutation at this position (P681R) is found in Delta.
Currently, it is not yet clear whether infection with Omicron variant causes more severe disease compared to infections with other variants, including Delta due to the small number of cases attributed to the Omicron variant, assessment of disease severity is difficult. Preliminary information from South Africa indicates that there are no unusual symptoms associated with Omicron variant infection and as with other variants, some patients are asymptomatic (Wolter et al., 2022).

MATERIALS AND METHODS
The workflow of computational drug and vaccine design for covid-19 (omicron variant) protein is summarized in Figure 1.

Drug design 3D structure prediction
The 3D structure for spike protein of COVID-19 variant (B.1.1.529) was predicted through I-TASSER server which is freely available as both an online server and a stand-alone package at https://seq2fun.dcmb.med. umich.edu//I-TASSER/ with the principle of homology modeling (Zhang, 2008;.

Ligand retrieval
The ligand molecules were retrieved from PUBCHEM Database in SDF format. The ligands were converted to PDB format for further molecular docking process (Meng et al., 2011).

Vaccine design
The B-cell Epitopes were predicted through online server: IEDB (Immune-Epitope Database and Analysis Resource) (Vita et al., 2019), and were identified on the basis of antigenicity, hydrophilicity, accessibility of the surface and flexibility. The predicted Epitopes will be able to find the potential antigen and will initiate an immune response with B lymphocytes.

Non-allergenicity and non-toxicity of B-cell epitopes
ALLERCATPRO server was used to find the O n l i n e

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allergenicity of the Epitopes (Nguyen et al., 2022), while TOXINPRED was used to find the toxicity of the predicted Epitopes (Gupta et al., 2013).
Protein-peptide docking B-cell Epitope peptides were modeled using PEPFOLD server and docked with HLA-B7 allele (Ashik et al., 2020). The 3D structure of HLA-B7 (PDB ID 6UJ7) allele was retrieved from PDB server. The modeled peptides were docked with HLA-B7 allele by using HPEPDOCK server.

Sequence retrieval
The protein sequence was retrieved from the Uniprot database, and the omicron variant (B.1.1.529) information was retrieved using the link: https://www.who.int/news/ item/26-11-2021-classification-of-omicron-(b.1.1.529)sars-cov-2-variant-of-concern. There are 30 amino acids substitutions, three small deletions and one small insertion.  (Ahmad et al., 2022). The physiochemical properties were calculated by PROTPARAM, and the results showed strong characteristics of the COVID-19 variant (B.1.1.529) OMICRON for a drug target, and vaccine candidate having 141230.99 kDa molecular weight containing 1269 amino acids. The target protein of OMICRON (B.1.1.529) has a theoretical isoelectric point of 7.14 which suggests its neutral existence. Among 1269 residues, 111 amino acids each were found to be negatively and positively charged. The estimated instability-index (II) was 34.56 determined through PROTPARAM (Gasteiger et al., 2005), and thus grouped the target protein as stable.
Drug design 3D structure prediction The 3D structure for COVID-19 variant (B.1.1.529) OMICRON was predicted through I-TASSER software with the principle of homology modeling Zheng et al., 2021;Reddy et al., 2006), and visualized through PYMOL (Fig. 2). The 3D structure was selected among five models on the basis of high C-score of 0.23. The 3D structure analysis revealed that the structure contains eighteen alpha helixes, thirty beta pleated sheets and a greater number of random coils.  .1.529). The 3D structure analysis revealed that the structure contains 18 alpha helixes, 13 beta pleated sheets and greater number of the random coils whose theoretical isoelectric point is 7.14.

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Epitopes Determination for OMICRON performed through PATCHDOCK (Duhovny et al., 2002) as shown in Figure 3. Both the interactions were visualized through PYMOL which revealed that the residues PHE830 and ASP864 show interactions with the ligand REPAGLINIDE (PUBCHEM ID 65981) having a bond length of 2.64 while GLY254 and ASP140 have bond length of 3.23 was involved in interactions with ligand ENT-NATEGLINIDE (PUBCHEMID 60026).

Vaccine design Antigenic prediction
The protein sequence of COVID-19 variant: OMICRON (B.1.1.529) was evaluated for antigenicity through the online tool: VaxiJen 2.0 with a threshold setting for a virus as >0.5 (Doytchinova and Flower, 2008). The antigenic prediction for the variant was 0.4802 showing that it is antigenic.

B-cell epitopes prediction
The COVID-19 variant: OMICRON (B.1.1.529) was used to predict the B-cell Epitopes (Parmar et al., 2021) using the ABCPred tool (Saha and Raghava, 2006). More than fifty B-cell Epitopes were predicted, and the top six were selected as the best Epitopes based on the antigenicity by using the VexiJen tool. The predicted Epitope: CLIGAEYVNNSYECD showed a high antigenicity score of 0.9842 between the positions 645 to 660 as shown in Table I.

Profiling feature of B-cell epitopes
The selected B-cell Epitopes were checked for hydrophilicity, hydrophobicity, and toxicity by the TOXPRED tool as shown in Table II. Based on the results of protein-peptide docking ( Fig. 4A-F), CLIGAEYVNNSYECD was concluded as the best.
The predicted B-cell Epitopes were checked for allergenicity and toxicity. Based on the docking score peptide, GWTAGAAAYYVGYLQP has been concluded as the best probable B-cell Epitope and can be considered as a vaccine candidate.

CONCLUSION
In the present study, both drug and vaccine designing were applied to identify the drug and vaccine candidate peptides. This approach can help to design the drug and epitope in a short time and at low cost. The suggested drug inhibitors and vaccine candidates from this study will help to develop an anti-viral vaccine that may be helpful to control this global threat.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We would like to thank the members of the Department of Computer science and Bioinformatics, Khushal Khan Khattak University, Karak for their useful input.

Informed consent
Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.

Ethical approval
This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.

Statement of conflict of interest
The authors have declared no conflict of interest.

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Epitopes Determination for OMICRON