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Aptamers and SELEX: Tools for the Development of Transformative Molecular Recognition Technology

Maureen McKeague1, Maria C. DeRosa2*

...egant new approaches and tools for SELEX. In this commentary, we discuss recent advancements in the selection of aptamers.

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Aptamers as Viral Replication Antagonists

Nicola J. Stonehouse

...e be useful as molecular tools and also as novel therapeutic agents. This commentary describes RNA aptamers selected to bind to the RNA-dependent-RNA polymerase of foot-and-mouth disease virus. The aptamers are able to inhibit the function of the enzyme both in vitro and in the context of a sub-genomic replicon and highlight the future potential of this technology in many aspects of virus research as well as in diagnostics and therapeutics.

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Role of Education in Enhancing Sugarcane Yield in Mardan and Charsadda Districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

Faheem Khan*, Muhammad Zafarullah Khan

...loping special extension tools for those who cannot read.

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Eradicating Peste des Petits Ruminants - The Challenges Ahead

Ashley C. Banyard1* and Satya Parida2

...n by the OIE. Whilst the tools are available to attempt eradication there are a number of factors that will influence the strategy taken to progress with the aim of eradication. Here we describe current areas where knowledge improvement is required to shape our understanding of the disease and its distribution alongside areas of investigation that require consideration in any viral eradication campaign. 

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The Point behind Translation of Aptamers for Point of Care Diagnostics

Tarun Kumar Sharma, John G. Bruno and William C. Cho

...e emerged as competitive tools with the potential to replace antibodies in many diagnostic formats. The aptamer industry is continuously growing to create space in research and diagnostics markets. However, translation of aptamer in several applied disciplines is still lagging behind as compared to antibodies. In this article, we discuss the translational aspects of aptamers, current potential of aptamers and strategies to create the “bench-to-bedside&rd...
Phenotyping of Amphistomes, and Pathological, Hematological and Bile Biochemical Response to Gigantocotyle explanatum Infection in Buffaloes
Sadaf Ijaz Malik1, Kiran Afshan2* and Mazhar Qayyum1
...al studies are effective tools that could be used as complementary in diagnosis of amphistome infections in ruminants. 
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Feasibility Study for Strengthening Agricultural Mechanization Competencies of Agricultural Extension Officers of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

Muhammad Zafarullah Khan

...uipments and use of hand tools and implements. Most of the respondents have high competency level having practical farming experience. Study suggests pre-service along with in-service trainings along with higher degree in agriculture i.e. PhD for improving their technical competencies in agricultural mechanization

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Maize Production Response to Climate Change in Pakistan: A Time Series Assessment

Usman Shakoor1*, Mudassar Rashid1, Abdul Saboor2, Nabila Khurshid1, Zuhair Husnain2 and Abdul Rehman2

...recipitation are helping tools to forecast scenarios for the climate in an area. Changes in these tools from the past due to any unavoidable circumstances for today and in the future is refers to climate change (CC). Besides other living being, crops are either benefited or adversely affected by these changes in the climate of an area. Maize is one of the widely grown crops in the world and even in Pakistan has also influenc...
A Novel Gap Junction Alpha 8 (GJA8) Mutation Associated with a Congenital Cataract Patient in Pakistan
Ayesha Zahid,Ammara Muazzam, Sidra Mustafa, Saba Irshad*,Malik Siddique Mahmood and Rehman Shahzad

 

...ipated by bioinformatics tools, which manifest mild changes in overall charge but altered post translational modifications in a way which might have a deleterious effect on ion channels anatomy and on the whole, pave ways to the genesis of cataract.
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Role of Ixodid (Hard) Tick in the Transmission of Lumpy Skin Disease

Hussein Aly Hussein1*, Omneya Mohamed Khattab2, Shereen Mohamed Aly2, and Mohammed Abdel Mohsen Rohaim1 

... on the use of molecular tools. In this study, we analysed the G-protein-coupled chemokine receptor (GPCR) genes of two LSDV isolates from Ixodid (hard) ticks (Amblyomma hebraeum) in Egypt. Multiple alignments of the nucleotide sequences revealed that both isolates had nine nucleotide mutations in comparison with the local reference strain, LSDV-Egypt/89 Ismalia. Compared with the GPCR sequences of SPV and GPV strains, 21 nucleotide insertion and 12 nucleotide...
Molecular Phylogeny and Diversity Analysis of Hog Deer (Axis porcinus) in Pakistan
Ghulam Abbas1,Asif Nadeem1,*, Masroor Ellahi Babar2, Tanveer Hussain2, Muhammad Sajid Tahir3, Wasim Shehzad1, Rajput Zahid Iqbal3, Muhammad Tayyab1 and Maryam Javed1
...entified. Bioinformatics tools were applied for construction of phylogenetic tree and genetic diversity analysis. Lower genetic diversity was observed. The finding of this research is prerequisite for future research.
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Isolation and Characterization of Microsatellite Markers for the Sable, Martes zibellina (Mammalia: Mustelidae)
Wanchao Zhu1, Qinguo Wei1, Shuyu Xue1, Huanxin Zhang2, Tianshu Lv1 and Honghai Zhang1,* 
...c markers will be useful tools for investigating genetic diversity and population structure of this species.
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Field and Molecular Epidemiology of Peste des Petits Ruminants in Pakistan
Muhammad Abubakar,1,2,* Aamer Bin Zahur,1,3 Khalid Naeem1,3, Muhammad Azeem Khan1,3 and Subhan Qureshi4 
... country using molecular tools. A total of eighty-four (n = 84) PPR outbreaks were investigated during the study (2010 to 2013). The highest number of outbreaks was reported from Punjab province (n = 38) followed by Sindh (n = 21) and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK, n = 10). In 48 out of 84 outbreaks, disease occurred in goats only while 18 outbreaks affected sheep only and the remaining occurred in mixed herds. A total of 6221 animals were affected in these outbreak...

Liaqat Ali Shahid, M. Azhar Saeed and Nadeem Amjad*

... important and efficient tools to enhance the crop yield. It also helps to reduce the labour drudgery and ultimately increased farmers’ prosperity.

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 Naveed Jehan*, Khalid Mahmood Aujla**, Muhammad Shahzad*, Abid Hussain**, Muhammad Zahoor*, Majid Khan* and Ahmed Bilal*

USE OF MOBILE PHONES BY FARMING COMMUNITY AND ITS IMPACT ON VEGETABLE PRODUCTIVITY
...istan, telecommunication tools like television, radio and mobile phone are playing important role in agriculture productivity enhancement, growth and farmers’ prosperity. Mobile phone helps farmers in getting information about commodity prices in different markets. The farmers can get up-to-date information about various markets in different regions and can accordingly arrange transportation and labor services in time. The study was conducted to see the ...

 Gul Zamin Khan*, Imtiaz Ali Khan**, Inamullah Khan* and Mian Inayatullah**

OUTDOOR BREEDING OF MOSQUITO SPECIES AND ITS POTENTIAL EPIDEMIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS IN KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA
... were used as monitoring tools in urban areas of the selected sites. Results showed that mosquitoes are active throughout the year with their most active season during May, September and October. The mean relative abundance of Culex species in different districts were: Peshawar (32.3), Nowshera (18.8), Mardan (20.3) and Charsadda (21.0). Higher numbers of Aedes mosquitoes were observed in Nowshera (19.3), Peshawar (16.4), Charsadda (13.1), and Mardan (9.8), re...

 Hafiz Saqib Habib*, Arshad Mahmood Malik*, Abid Ali** and Muhammad Aamir Khan***

SOCIOECONOMIC DETERMINANTS OF RURAL HOUSEHOLD FOOD EXPENDITURES IN RAWALPINDI
...es important food policy tools reducingnegative impacts ofhigher food expenditures on ruralhouseholds.

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 Ghulam Sadiq Afridi*, Abdul Saboor**, Zahoor-ul-Haq***, Sultan Ali
Tariq**** and Muhammad Ishaq*****

EXPLORING POTENTIAL AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR PAKISTAN'S COTTON EXPORT
...h well-tested analytical tools enabled the trade experts and policy makers to explore the answer of lackness for diversification in export, HS-2- digits aggregated data for cotton sub-sectors have been used with latest data from 2004 to 2013 for the panel of 39 countries. Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) index and gravity model approach was employed considering country and time specific fixed effect. The RCA index revealed that cotton sub-sectors have comp...

 Arshia Naeem*, Maria Anjum*, Mariam Rehman*, Zahid Mahmood** and Muhammad Asif Kamran**

AN INTEGRATED INFORMATION SYSTEM TO FACILITATE FARMERS IN WHEAT, SUGARCANE AND OTHER CROP DISEASES IDENTIFICATION
...f practical usage of ICT tools to bridge research and extension gap and can be used by agricultural policy makers to support agricultural services for farming communities who are otherwise deprived of extension services due to large number of farmers and their huge spread throughout the country.

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 Raza Ullah*, Mariam Rehman*, Maria Anjum*, Muhammad Asif
Kamran**, Khuda Bakhsh***, Abdul Saboor****

NAVIGATING FARMING RISKS BY SIMULTANEOUS DIVERSIFICATION AND CREDIT THROUGH FORMAL AND INFORMAL COMMUNICATION CHANNEL
... the two risk management tools at the same time. The decisions to adopt diversification and agricultural credit for risk management are correlated and adopting one risk management tool may make it more likely to adopt the other tool at the same time. Moreover, access to formal sources of information significantly encourages the use of both of the risk management tools to manage farm risk. Based on the information from the bi...
Growth Characteristics, Metal Uptake and Expression Analysis of Copper Metallothionein in a Newly Reported Ciliate, Tetrahymena farahensis
Muhammad Tariq Zahid1, Farah Rauf Shakoori2, Soumble Zulfiqar3, Khalid A. Al-Ghanim4 and Abdul Rauf Shakoori3,4*
...used as biotechnological tools for bioremediation.
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Development and Characterization of Twenty-Three Novel Polymorphic Microsatellite Markers for Mussel, Mytilus coruscus
Zeqin Fu, Yunfang Tian, Yingying Ye*, Pengzhi Qi and Changwen Wu
...ies, provide more useful tools to choose for researching genetic diversity and population structure and provide more in-depth understanding of Mytilus coruscus.
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Economic Costs of Managing Climatic Risks in Agriculture: Evidences from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province of Pakistan

Raza Ullah1* and Jamal Shah2 

...pt available risk coping tools to minimize the impacts of such risks at farm level however, these adoptions require farmers to incur cost or forgo part of the potential benefits from agricultural production. These costs (explicit or implicit) are referred to as the cost of risk management. Previous studies on risk management in agriculture however have ignored such costs. The present study is therefore designed to investigate how adoption of risk coping
Contesting Moral Well-being: Two Narratives among Zulu South Africans
Christine Jeske
...ey offer instrumentalist tools for acquiring resources and social networks, but also because churches offer malleability of personal narratives, which allows people to negotiate society’s conflicting narratives of moral well-being. 

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Comparing Predictive Performances of Tree-Based Data Mining Algorithms and MARS Algorithm in the Prediction of Live Body Weight from Body Traits in Pakistan Goats
Senol Celik
... significant statistical tools in sophistically describing the studied breed standards for breeding purposes.

 

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Evaluation of Ovsynch and CIDR + Ovsynch Protocols to Improve Reproductive Efficiency in Lactating Dairy Cows
Abid Hussain Shahzad1, Abdul Sattar1,*, Nasim Ahmad1, Ijaz Ahmad2, Deniz Nak3 and Yavuz Nak3
... reproductive management tools in cyclic dairy cows. In total, 167 Holstein cows were randomly divided into three treatment groups. The OVP0 group was comprised of 58 cows. Other two groups, OVP5 (n=55) and OVP7 (n=54), were similar to OVP0 except the intravaginal insertion of controlled internal drug release (CIDR) inserts for 5 or 7 days, respectively. Pregnancy was diagnosed using ultrasonography on d30, d60 and d90 post AI. Ovulatory follicle diameter was ...
Nexus between Off-Farm Employment and Farm Size Among Small Farm Holders in Peshawar Valley of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

Haidar Ali1, Malik Muhammad Shafi1*, Himayatullah Khan1 and Hamra Haidar2 

..., 2018 by using research tools such as interview schedule or direct observations. Random sampling technique was used for selecting a sample size of 195 small farmers. The present study is focused on two selected districts of Peshawar Valley namely Mardan and Peshawar. Analysis showed that there was a significant difference in the off-farm employment among various sizes of farms. Sampled farm households who were operating farm size up to 1 acre (74.88 hours/wee...
Application of Water Quality and Pollution Tolerance Indexes as Effective Tools for River Management
Joyce Osarogie Odigie*
... effective biomonitoring tools being applied in river management by freshwater ecologists. Obueniyomo River is the main water supply channel for the inhabitants of Agemokpa village in Ovia East Local Government Area of Edo State, as they are fully dependent on it for agricultural and domestic use, bringing its ecological integrity to question. These anthropogenic effects result in the deteriorating quality of the water, which hampers the distribution of benthi...
Estimation of Net Rice Production by Remote Sensing and Multi Source Datasets

Syed Muhammad Hassan Raza1*, Syed Amer Mahmood1, Syeeda Areeba Gillani1, Syed Shehzad Hassan1, Muneeb Aamir1, Muhammad Saifullah1, Mubashar Basheer1, Atif Ahmad1, Saif-ul-Rehman2 and Tariq Ali1 

...tons. The remote sensing tools, datasets and the methodology is easy to understand and apply throughout the world to estimate the net productions precisely. 

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Optimization of Fermentation and Production of Antimicrobial Agents as Secondary Metabolites from an Indigenous Aspergillus niger
Fizza Anwar1, Muddassar Zafar1*, Zahid Anwar1, Raja Tahir Mehmood2
...d through bioinformatics tools. 
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Identification of Three Cyprinidae Family Members through Cytochrome Oxidase I
Shahid Sherzada1,2,4,*, Muhammad Naeem Khan4, Masroor Ellahi Babar2, Muhammad Idrees3, Abdul Wajid2, Muhammad Nauman Sharif3, Muhammad Shahzad Iqbal3, Iram Amin3 and Muhammad Shahid3
... by using bioinformatics tools. The average K2P conspecific, congenric and confamilial genetic distances were 0.22%, 6.71% and 12.33%, respectively. Findings of the present study revealed that DNA barcoding using COI gene is an efficient molecular technique for the exact identification of typical fish species.
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Assessment of Mitochondrial ATPase 8/6 Genes Based Genetic Diversity in Sindh Ibex (Capra aegagrus Blythi)
Javeria Zafar1, Asif Nadeem1*, Maryam Javed1, Fehmeeda Fatima1, Wasim Shehzad1, Ghulam Abbas1, Rajput Zahid Iqbal2 and Muhammad Muddassir Ali1
... MUSCLE, DnaSP and MEGA6 tools. Total of 20 variations at different positions were found in aligned sequence results. Sequence conservation was observed for the ibex population. The overall results showed a close evolutionary relationship among Capra aegagrus, Capra nubiana, Capra falconeri, Capra hircus and Capra caucasica, demonstrating that they all were evolved from same ancestor. 

 

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Immunogenic Proteins of Capripox Virus: Potential Applications in Diagnostic/Prophylactic Developments

Anand Kushwaha, Amit Kumar, Aparna Madhavan, Durga Goswami, Golmei Poulinlu and Gnanavel Venkatesan* 

...tics including molecular tools are available, recombinant protein based diagnostic assays namely ELISA is safer and robust to handle large sample size and also to minimize labor/time. However, the genus Capripoxvirus encodes putative 147 proteins in their genome, among which some of them are reported as potential immunogenic candidate genes. Selection and use of such candidate immunogenic proteins from an array of genes located at different structures of a mat...
Comparison of Off-farm Employment among Developed and Underdeveloped Villages in Peshawar Valley of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa-Pakistan

Haidar Ali1*, Malik Muhammad Shafi1, Himayatullah Khan1 and Hamra Haidar2 

..., 2018 by using research tools such as interview schedule. A sample of 298 small farm households were selected using random sampling technique for this study. Analysis showed that small farmers of developed villages perform more off-farm employment than small farmers of underdeveloped villages. This could be associated to the developed means of transport and communications, better education facilities, market facilities as well as availability of off-farm jobs...
Efficacy and Feasibility of Various IPM Tools against PoD Borer (Helicoverpa armigera) of Chickpea in Thal Regions of Punjab
Muneer Abbas1*, Muhammad Ramzan1, Khalid Hussain1, Abdul Ghaffar1, Niaz Hussain1, Muhammad Irshad1, Mudassar Khaliq1 and Sohail Abbas2
... feasibility of five IPM tools viz. Pheromone traps, Light traps, Trichogramma chilonis, Bacillus thuringiensis, T-shaped bird perches and Handpicking. Results showed the cumulative effects of all IPM components having 4.81, 4.96, 6.22 % foliage, pod and grain damage, 0.71 larva/plant with 32.28 % yield increase over control treatment. But Marginal Cost Benefit Ratio was -0.46. Light traps proved more efficient and feasible having low environment...
In Silico Profiling of Regulatory MicroRNA Targets in Programmed Cell Death 1 Gene
Aftab Shaukat1,*, Sana Hanif2, Irfan Shaukat3, Muhammad Ahsan Naeem4,5, Shadab Shaukat6, Rizwan Shukat8, Shahid Ali Rajput9, Imran Shaukat10, Mubashar Hassan4, Khalid Mehmood7, Saqib Umar11 and Muhammad Ali Jamil1
...rgets via bioinformatics tools help to predict gene target site. Keeping this in view, a study has been planned to investigate PDCD1 gene regulatory miRNA targets, their sequences and their seed location in human using online server miRDB. We have identified 26 specific miRNAs (hsa-miR-939-3p, hsa-miR-661, hsa-miR-2861, hsa-miR-23b-5p, hsa-miR-23a-5p, hsa-miR-4764-5p, hsa...
Farmers’ Perception Analysis about the Use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) in Agriculture Extension services of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

 Abdus Salam* and Muhammad Zafarullah Khan

...the effectiveness of ICT tools in crop production, printed material; TV and Mobile Phone were used in districts Mansehra, Karak and Swabi respectively. Similarly, it was also inferred that ICT is very effective tool for communication between farmers and with extension workers. Hence, ICT is the most effective and useful tool for the improvement of overall extension delivery system, so agriculture extension department may establish a formal structure to initiat...

Sahib Khan1, Muneeza Wahid2, Muhammad Abeer Irfan1, Muhammad Naeem3, Asma Gul4, Muhammad Haseeb Zafar2

ROW LEVEL IMAGE FORGERY DETECTION TECHNIQUE USING EMBEDDED DIGITAL SIGNATURES
...mages with image editing tools and software. This paper is presenting a new technique to detect any changes made in digital images. This technique ensures the integrity of digital image at row level and using embedded digital signatures. Using message digest 5 algorithm, digital signature is generated from selected pixels of each row using selected pixels for and embedded in the least significant bits of selected pixel of the corre- sponding row of digital ima...

Kifayat Ullah*1, Tahir Mahmood2, Naeem Jan3, Zeeshan Ali4 

A NOTE ON GEOMETRIC AGGREGATION OPERATORS IN T-SPHERICAL FUZZY ENVIRONMENT AND THEIR APPLICATIONS IN MULTI-ATTRIBUTE DECISION MAKING
...roperties of aggregation tools of TSFS (SFS) are discussed
and some ordered weighted geometric (OWG) and hybrid geometric (HG) operators are developed. It is discussed
that these aggregation operators are generalizations of the aggregation operators of IFSs and PFSs. Multi-attribute
decision making (MADM) process is comprehensively discussed in T-spherical fuzzy environment and elaborated with
a numerical example. The results obtain...

Hassan Nasir*, Rashid Rehan,** Rizwan Younis,*** Fazal Mabood,**** Salman Saeed,**, Muhammad Sagheer Aslam** 

MACHINERY SELECTION FOR DEMOLITION AND RECYCLING OF PAVEMENTS: A SIMULATION-BASED TOOL
...esources. Computer-based tools, such as simulation models, have the potential to greatly
benefit the construction mangers in their routine tasks. This paper presents a unique simulation tool based on the
system dynamics methodology to help the construction manager in investigating the cost and duration implications of
various combinations of machinery items. Utility of the developed model is illustrated with the help of a case study
...

Abdul Shakoor1, R.A. Sayed2, Khizar Azam2

KNOWLEDGE BASE TECHNOLOGIES AS A NEW PARADIGM IN DATA DRIVEN MANUFACTURING SYSTEM
...process and cutting tools by defining the constraint values into the system. The KBS is designed using E2KS, the state of the art software and knowledge capturing techniques. The machining examples are used to demonstrate the implementation of the system and how it will provide a basis for knowledge sharing in PLM environment. The Manufacturing knowledge is captured in order to provide manufacturing consequences.
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Determination of Number and Position of Knots in Cubic Spline Regression for Modeling Individual Lactation Curves in Three Different Breed
Samet Hasan Abaci1,*, Hasan Onder1, Mustafa Sahin2 and Esra Yavuz3
...ves are one of the basic tools in animal breeding. Therefore, modeling lactation curves with appropriate and precise equations are of great importance for obtaining estimates. Lactation curves have different tendencies in different breeds. To examine the tendencies and differences Jersey (J), Brown Swiss (BS) and Holstein Friesian (HF) breeds which are commonly raised in Turkey were used in this study. This study aimed to statistically determine the optimal po...
Mental Health Status of Health Workers during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Setting of DHQ Hospital Jhelum, Punjab, Pakistan: A Cross-sectional Study
Hamida Sarwar1, Kousar Perveen1,Rida Mazhar2, Muhammad Afzal1, Syed Amir Gilani3
...f authorized measurement tools. Removed reference statistical evaluation was performed by using SPSS version 2.6. The data was analyzed to assess the severity of symptoms of depression, anxiety, distress, and insomnia; and then conferred as numbers and percentages. A significant proportion of doctors, nurses, and paramedics reported symptoms of anxiety (38.3%), depression (58.9%), insomnia (45.2%), and distress (61.64%). Overall data collected showed that the ...

Muhammad Abdullah1, Syed Attaullah Shah1, Khurram Nawaz Saddozai1, Jahangir Khan1*, Mohammad Fayaz1, Irfan Ullah1* and Sabeeh Ullah2

Analysis of Agricultural Land Price Determinants and Policy Implications for Controlling Residential and Commercial Encroachments: Facts from District Swabi (Pakistan)
... Descriptive statistical tools were used to summarize data on agricultural land characteristics. A linear Hedonic Pricing Model (HPM) was used to estimate agricultural land prices based on physical, location and agricultural characteristics. Results show that agricultural land parcels in Central Swabi district have comparatively high prices, and this is due to their high residential and commercial potential. Developmental projects for roads, hospitals, univers...

Imran Ahmad Rana*, Muhammad Ali Yab and Ch. Abdul Rehman

Quality Engineering Tools Implementation a Comparison of Indian and Pakistani Business Organizations
...y engineering management tools implementations as well as how to motivate employees on waste reduction and productivity enhancement projects. This may facilitate training managers to better target advance quality programs for the countries by going through analysis of selected aspects and recommendations for deploying and implementing DMAIC methodology. 

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Shishir Sharma* and Laxmi Prasad Joshi

Current Insights on Stemphylium Blight of Lentil with its Management Strategies
...s and weather prediction tools may be crucial in avoiding severe SB outbreaks. A comprehensive review article discusses the morphological as well as molecular dimension of pathogens, their effects, pathogenicity, integrated disease management approaches, and future views.

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Colour and Distributional Pattern of Callaspidia notata (Boyer de Fonscolombe, 1832) (Hymenoptera: Figitidae: Aspicerinae) from Pakistan
Ammara Gull-e-Fareen1,2, Imran Bodlah1,*, Muhammad Adnan Bodlah3, Muhammad Tariq Rasheed1, Habib Ali4 and Muhammad Asif5
...been given using Arc GIS tools.
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Prevalence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profile of Mycobacterium bovis Isolated from Egyptian Buffaloes’ Mastitic Milk
Eman Khalifa1*, Riad Khalil2 and Haitham Elaadli3
...ons and novel diagnostic tools should be used for prevention and detection of tuberculous mastitis in buffaloes’ farms. The general public health should also be intensely warned from consuming raw or unpasteurized milk. All these prophylactic measures will eventually lead to a positive impact on public health.
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Study of Respiratory Tissue Engineering Model for Viral Infection and Bacterial Microbiome Interaction Under Physiological and Pathological Condition
Ryan Septa Kurnia1* and Radiana Dhewayani Antarianto2
 

... be used as pre-clinical tools for new-agent screening prior to clinical testing, there is a growing awareness of the limitations of animal research and its inability to make reliable predictions for human clinical trials. Recently, 3D cell culture produced by researchers to improve better mimic tissue physiology of better in vitro cell culture model. It is may enable microbiologists to create infection models that combine respiratory tissue culture eng...
Emergence of Pathogenic Strains of Staphylococcus aureus in Goat Milk and Their Comparative Response to Antibiotics
Iqra Muzammil1, Muhammad Ijaz Saleem1, Amjad Islam Aqib2,*, Ambreen Ashar3, Syed Ashar Mahfooz1, Sajjad ur Rahman4, Muhammad Shoaib4, Muhammad Aamir Naseer1, Imran Khan Sohrani1, Javeed Ahmad1, Razaullah Saqi1, Fizzah Laeeq Lodhi1 and
Qaisar Tanveer5
...-probability statistical tools conferred 42% (84/200, CI=35.37-48.93) prevalence of subclinical mastitis, 38.1% S. aureus (32/84, CI=28.45-48.79), 15.6% MRSA (5/32, CI=6.87-31.76), 46.9% haemolytic S. aureus (15/32, CI=30.87-63.56) and 34.4 % biofilm producing S. aureus (11/32, CI=20.41-51.69). Earthen floor type (OR=1.75, p=0.0996), poor drainage system (OR=7.33, p=0.002), pond as source of drinking water (OR=2.05, p=...
Utilization of ICTs for Availing Agricultural Information in District Charsadda, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa- Pakistan

Mohammad Tariq Aziz* and Ayesha Khan

...on the use of modern ICT tools to obtain timely and relevant information to speed up adoption of innovations.

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Impact of Fishing Activities on the Population of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Stocks of Lake Hayq, Ethiopia
Assefa Tessema Tecklie1*, Abebe Getahun Gubale1, Seyoum Mengistou Yilma1, Tadesse Fetahi Hailu1 and Eshete Dejen Diresilign2
...fore, fishery management tools such as mesh size regulation, closing season and ground and fishery regulatory systems enacted by the federal and regional governments should be implemented through application of community-based fishery management system.
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Molecular Characterization of Alfalfa Mosaic Virus and Its Effect on Basil (Ocimum basilicum) Tissues in Egypt

Ahmed K. El-Attar1, Samah A. Mokbel1 and Om-Hashem M. EL-Banna2

... disease. The diagnostic tools
used were the transmission electron microscope for rapid diagnosis, host reactions, serological
double-antibody sandwich (DAS)-ELISA, reverse transcription (RT)-PCR and nucleotide
sequence determination. Ultra-structural responses of basil leaf cells infected with a
morphologically distinct RNA virus, AMV, were studied. Molecular characterization and
phylogenetic analysi...
In process metagenomic analysis of LSDV harvest for quality control
Hadeer M. Mossa, Ausama A. Yousif, Emad A. Aboelsoud, Mahmoud El Gamal, Ahmed El-
Sanousi
...iv>
bioinformatics tools to directly represent the genetic content of entire communities of organisms in the
given harvest.
Results: In this study a 3rd generation sequencing (TGS) was applied using a Nanopore technology
(MinION) based on identification of DNA bases by measuring the changes in electrical conductivity
generated as DNA strands pass through a biological pore (nanopore). Its portability, afford...
Government Intervention in Pakistan’s Rice Sector: Concepts, Policies and Implications

Reema Zia* and Noor Paio Khan

...er (SRP), the celebrated tools of political economy, to gauge government intervention in Pakistan’s rice sector and draw policy implications for possible adjustments in policies and future strategy. The quantitative analyses of PSE and SRP reveals overall transfers from rice producers to society. The analysis depicts Pakistan’s stronger position towards WTO trade liberalization in the rice sector. Pakistan would not need to change any of its polici...
Evaluation of Genetic Diversity in Wild Celtis australis L. Genotypes using Multivariate Analysis
Arshad Khan1, Mohammad Ihsan1, Ali Hazrat1*, Mohammad Nisar1, Muhammad Laiq1, Maryam Bibi1, Nasir Ali2, Ulfat Naz1, Muhammad Zakria1, Nausheen Nazir3, Adam Khan4 and Muhammad Asif Nawaz5
...ing the most appropriate tools that are adaptable to various environments.

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Determinants of Farm Households Savings in District Kohat, KP, Pakistan

Malik Muhammad Shafi, Rabia Habib and Haidar Ali*

...n was used as a research tools. Through random sampling technique, a sample size of 90 households from 452 farm households were taken. Total consumption expenditures, total income, and land size were the variables which showed significant results. Because their overall p-values indicates significant results at 5% significant value. Results of these variables revealed a positive relationship between household (farmers) savings and total income with coefficient ...
Factors Influencing the Adoption of ICT’S in Extension Service Delivery Among the Extension Agents in North-East, Nigeria

Saadu Mustapha1,2, Norsida Man1*,  Jasmin Arif Shah1, Nitty Hirawaty Kamarulzaman1 and Ahmadu Abubakar Tafida3

...lassify the types of ICT tools adopted by the respondents and identify factors influencing the adoption of ICT in extension service delivery among the respondents. Primary data were obtained using multi-stage cluster sampling technique, using organized questionnaires administered to 254 respondents. Descriptive and inferential statistics was used. The research used Rogers’ Theory of Innovation Diffusion, Rogers and Burde’s Theory of Social Change. ...
The Potential of Milbemectin on the Formation of Galls and Egg Masses of Meloidogyne javanica on Eggplants

Mohamed S. Khalil

...ts are the most utilized tools to manage the root-knot nematodes (RKNs). Environmental and health defects were notice with using synthetic nematicides. Thus, in this work an attempt was conducted to provide alternative approach could be listed in control measures of RKNs. Two pot experiments were conducted to assess the efficacy of the milbemectin on galls and egg masses formation of M. javanica in roots of eggplants. Milbemectin (Milbeknock 1% EC) was applied...
Association of Udder Lesions with Subclinical Mastitis in Dairy Cows of Chattogram, Bangladesh

Md. Sanjid Hasan1, A K M Humayun Kober1, Eaftekhar Ahmed Rana2, Md Saiful Bari1,3,4* 

...bservation were the main tools for determining the udder lesions whereas California Mastitis Tests (CMT) were used for the diagnosis of SCM. Milk samples from CMT positive cows and swab samples from cows’ udder surface with lesions were collected for laboratory analysis. Laboratory analysis including bacterial culture and biochemical tests were done to identify the causal agents of SCM and udder lesions. The overall prevalence of SCM and udder lesions we...
Development of Expressed Sequence Tag-Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Markers in Swimming Crab, Portunus trituberculatus

Shaokun Lu1,2, Ronghua Li1,2*, Chunlin Wang1,2, Changkao Mu1,2 and Weiwei Song1

...P markers will be useful tools for fisheries management and conservation programme of P.trituberculatus.
...
Geospatial Assessment of Site Suitability for Tilapia Cage Culture in Cross River State, Nigeria

Chukwudi Njoku1*, Inyang Etim-Inyang2, Prince-Charles Itu1 and Arinze Uzoezie1

...pplication of geospatial tools and findings for real-world decision making in Nigeria’s aquaculture and agriculture sector.
...
Potential Role of Propolis Nanoparticles in Medicine and Health: An Updated Review

Saydat Saad1, Doaa Abdel-Fattah1, Tarek Khamis2, Aya El-Sobky1* 

...or. It can introduce new tools for molecular and cellular biology, biotechnology, veterinary physiology, animal genetics, and reproduction. Nano-propolis is beneficial to veterinary medicine in different aspects by varying the size of propolis using various techniques, nano-propolis can be more effective without compromising its qualities. Propolis has numerous benefits, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer, and antifungal properties. Low bioav...
Prevalence of Mycoplasma Mastitis in Buffaloes of Pakistan – A Pilot Study in the Centre-West of Balochistan

Sharjeel Saif1, Asghar Ali Kamboh1*, Ghulam Mustafa Solangi2, Rehana Burriro3, Hasina Baloch1, Atta Muhammad Memon2  

... studies using molecular tools are warranted to validate these findings.

Keywords | Dairy buffalo, M. bovis, Mastitis, Mycoplasma, Survey 

...
Investigation-of-Serum-and-Milk-Acute-Phase-Proteins-Level-in-Goats-with-Experimentally-Infected-Staphylococcus-aureus-Subclinical-Mastitis

Muhammad F Tajol Ariffin1, Chai M Hian1, Muhammad Z Sukiman1, Mohd F Ghazali1, Siti M Zainal Ariffin2* 

...valuation as alternative tools for early diagnosis of subclinical mastitis in goats. Also, there was a significant relationship between milk Hp and SCC, thus reflecting the intensity of the inflammatory response to mammary tissue.

Keywords | Acute phase proteins, Subclinical mastitis, Serum, Milk, Goats. 

...
Let’s Dock: A Smart Platform for Molecular Docking

Yaruq Jabeen1, Nida Ansari1, Haroon Rasheed1, Muhammad Asif Rasheed1,*, Muhammad Awais2, Muhammad Ibrahim1, Sumaira Kanwal1, Aqsa Khalid3, Manzoor Ahmad Zahid4 and Farrukh Jamil1,*

...w years, several docking tools have been developed for molecular dockings such as LeDock, rDock, AutoDock Vina, AutoDock, UCSF DOCK, GOLD, Glide, Surflex-Dock, LigandFit and MOE-Dock. Among these, AutoDock Vina has been widely used by academia for molecular docking. This tool performs docking of a ligand into a protein by seven steps. For docking analysis of several ligands, AutoDock Vina is a time-consuming tool. In order to make AutoDock Vina more efficient ...
Haplotype Diversity of 17 Y Chromosomal STRs in Jat Population of Pakistan

Abida Shehzadi*, Muhammad Shafique and Ahmad Ali Shahid

...enerated by using online tools at YHRD database. The data from this study could have significant importance in forensic applications, population studies and in strengthening the Y-STR database.

...
Physiochemical Assessment of Pakistani Thar Coal, A Solution for Sustainable Energy Crises and Reduced Environmental Impacts

Jawad Abdullah Butt1*, Yasmin Nergis1, Ahmad Hussain2 and Mughal Sharif1 

... be taken to utilize the tools to reduce the pollution volume of coal and its harmful impacts on the environment. Innovative tools with advanced efficacy and fewer environmental impacts are essential to handle these low-rank coals and to transform them into energy e.g., Circulating Fluidized Bed Combustor (CFBC) and other Clean Coal Technologies (CCT).
...
Assessment of PCR-Based DNA Fingerprinting Techniques as a Novel Approach for Genotyping of Brucella Strains in Egypt

Nour H. Abdel-Hamid1*, Walid Elmonir2, Eman I. M. Beleta1, Rania I. Ismail1, Momtaz Shahein1, Mahmoud E. R. Hamdy1 

...es, as alternative rapid tools for epidemiological tracing and investigation of brucellosis in Egypt. We recovered Brucella isolates (n=29) from different host species and governorates. The isolates were identified by the bacteriological and molecular techniques (AMOS-PCR) as Brucella (B) melitensis biovar 3 (n=24) and B. abortus bv1 (n=5). The ERIC and RAPD primers (ERIC2 and Operon 18/ RAPD4) used in this study created polymorphic band patterns in all B...
Local Fishing System and Marketing Channel Model with Special Reference to Trapping Pond Fishing in Tung Kula Ronghai, Northeast Thailand

Phassakon Nuntapanich1*, Hathaichanok Nuntapanich2 and Woraman Maicharoen3

... local wisdom. It is the tools considering as an appropriate technology, which enables the ecosystem to continually provide services to the farmer (e.g., local food security, household income, surface water supply for rice production and enhance soil nutrients for rice crop) without damaging the ecosystem’s capacity to provide the services. The marketing channel can be divided into three types are 1) travel-customer, 2) tourist-customer and 3) middlemen ...
Advances in DNA based Molecular Markers for the Improvement of Fruit Cultivars in Pakistan-A Review

Ghassan Zahid1, 2*, Sara Iftikhar3, Muhammad Umer Farooq4 and Shakeel Ahmed Soomro5

...c polymorphism detection tools at specific loci and the genome level. This review focuses on exploring the application, recent advancements and future implications of DNA-based molecular markers with the context of their role in the genetic improvement of fruit germplasm that is widely grown in Pakistan like citrus, apples, mangoes, guavas, bananas, date palms and peaches, etc. Furthermore, by offering a piece of scientific information and addressing developme...
Mining the SNPs of Human Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) related Gene APOB through in silico Approaches

Muneeza Zafar1,2,3, Fazli Rabbi Awan2,*, Munazza Raza Mirza3,*, Sumaira Nishat2,4, Sajid Ali Rajput5 and Imran Riaz Malik1,*

... different computational tools and further evaluated the structural impact of these convergent deleterious SNPs on APOB through HOPE. We found 9 missenses, 15 intronic or regulatory region SNPs and 2 were found in miRNA target sites of APOB. Out of these variant, the rs13306194 (Arg532Trp) was found in the conserved region of protein domain, which can potentially disrupt overall chemical structure and function of the APOB. Six missense SNPs in the coding, and ...
Profitability and Utilization of Farmer Business School Extension Approach on Smallholder Cocoa Farmers in Nigeria

Oluwaseun Adetarami1*, Oluwatoyin Olagunju2, Babatunde Adebayo Oyebamiji1, Adegboyega Abel Odeyemi3 and Sina Basil Johnson4

...ta analysis, statistical tools such as budgeting technique and logitistic regression were used. Results of the budgeting technique showed that each farmer of the FBS approach had a mean profit of ₦ 81,134.65 with a cost benefit ratio of 1.09. The results of logistic regression revealed that the age of cocoa farmer, level of education, extension contact, farm size and cocoa annual income are major determinants influencing the utilization of FBS approach. The ...
Farmer’s Access to ICTs Tools and Productivity Enhancement in District Charsadda, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

Ayesha Khan*, Mohammad Tariq Aziz, Urooba Pervaiz and Muhammad Zafarullah Khan

...er’s access to ICT tools for productivity enhancement in district Charsadda, the universe of the study. For selection of sample multi stage sampling method was used and respondents were selected from three villages namely Hajizai, Katozai and Batagram of tehsil Shabqadar. A sample of 112 respondents was drawn through proportional allocation technique based on 10% of total 1120 registered farmers. A pre-tested and well-developed interview schedule was use...
Diversification Assessment in Cotton for Lint Quality, Disease Response and Economic Attributes by Multivariate Analysis

Muhammad Jamil1*, Kamran Javed1 and Imran Akhtar2

... hierarchical clustering tools were employed. Twenty-four recently bred upland cotton strains bearing diversified origin were configured in triplicate following Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). The data for novel attributes were recorded. Analysis of variance results indicated that a significant level of variation was existing among the strains for disease index, plant population and micronaire value at (p<0.05), while means for all other study trai...
Prokaryotic Expression, Purification, and Functional Characterization of the Large Yellow Croaker (Larimichthys crocea) Mannose Receptors Subunits (MRC1 and MRC2)

Xiangli Dong1,2, Shilin Mikhail Borisovich2, Jiji Li1,*, Jianyu He1, Zeqin Fu1, Yingying Ye1, Julia N. Lukina3, Olga V. Apalikova4 and Jianshe Zhang1

...ential molecular biology tools for the study of L. crocea MRC1 and MRC2 protein structure and function. These tools will enable us to better understand the biological functions of MRC1 and MRC2 in defending against pathogenic bacteria challenge and the innate immune response in the large yellow croaker. These findings also provide a foundation for the preparation of a Vibrio vaccine.

...
Use of Information and Communication Technologies among Farming Community of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

Shandana* and Ayesha Khan

...tion Technologies (ICTs) tools, farmers can get timely, up-to-date, relevant, accurate technical information and advice and extension agents can effectively answer farmers’ abundant information needs. Thus, the present study was conducted to investigate the usage of ICT tools in agricultural extension services in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. For the study three districts (i.e. Swat, Haripur and Mardan) of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa wer...
Bioinformatic Analysis of the Possible Mechanism of TOP2A Expression in the Development of Liver Cancer

Man Wang1 and Fengmei Yang2*

...AN, cbioportal and other tools were used to analyze the correlation between TOP2A gene expression and methylation, prognosis and immune cell infiltration in databases. The expressions of TOP2A gene and protein in tumor tissues were higher than those in normal tissues, and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05); TOP2A gene expression was positively correlated with immune cells infiltration (P<0.05); the overall survival, disease-free surv...
Developing Feeding Management Assessment Protocol at Small Scale Dairy Herds in Egypt

Sherif Abdelghany1, Hossam Mahrous Ebeid2*, Ahmed Abdelkader Aboamer2, Mohamed Ali Radwan1, Rania Agamy1 

...ommercialized diagnostic tools for feeding practices in rural areas.

Keywords | Rural Regions, Dairy Farms, Feeding Practices, Milk Analysis, Milk urea nitrogen, Smallholders 

...
Study on Species Richness of Aphid through Integrated Pest Management

Khalid Hussain1, Muneer Abbas1*, Niaz Hussain1, Muhammad Irshad1, Mudassar Khaliq1, Zubeda Parveen1, Sohail Abbas2, Ali Raza3 and Abdul Ghaffar1

...icky traps are important tools of integrated pest management (IPM), which act as indicators of population trends and fluctuation of flying insects. These traps were evaluated at different growth stages of wheat (seedling, tillering and dough stage) and trap height (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 meter) on the basis of mean aphid collection and species richness. Results indicated that population appeared in the standard week (SW) 52 of 1st year to SW 18 of 2nd year in both t...
Study on Species Richness of Aphid through Integrated Pest Management

Khalid Hussain1, Muneer Abbas1*, Niaz Hussain1, Muhammad Irshad1, Mudassar Khaliq1, Zubeda Parveen1, Sohail Abbas2, Ali Raza3 and Abdul Ghaffar1

...icky traps are important tools of integrated pest management (IPM), which act as indicators of population trends and fluctuation of flying insects. These traps were evaluated at different growth stages of wheat (seedling, tillering and dough stage) and trap height (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 meter) on the basis of mean aphid collection and species richness. Results indicated that population appeared in the standard week (SW) 52 of 1st year to SW 18 of 2nd year in both t...
A Review: Fruit Production Industry of Pakistan Trends, Issues and Way Forward

Monis Hussain Shah1*, Rizwan Rafique2,6, Munawar Almas1, Muhammad Usman3, Sadia Yasin4 and Sajida Bibi5

... use of Biotechnological tools for crop improvement should be adopted for better yield and production.

...
Effects of Aphid Infestation on Yield and Yield Parameters of Brassica juncea Crop

Umair Faheem1*, Madiha Mobeen Khan2, Qurban Ali3, Muhammad Jamil4, Wajiha Anum2, Mashal Rehman2, Imran Akhtar2, Mussurrat Hussain1, Qaisar Abbas1, Ghayour Ahmad5 and Abrar Ahmad6

...s one of the most useful tools for the management of aphids in Brassica crop. This trial was executed at the farm of Regional Agricultural Research Institute, Bahawalpur to report the impact of aphid damage on yield and yield parameters on Brassica juncea. Five varieties/strains i.e. BRJ-9070, BRJ-9072, BRJ-1004, BRJ-1104 and KP Raya were grown in two sets with Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) and there were three replications. No pesticides used on unt...
The Effect of Fish Meal and Plant-Based Diets on the Growth and Nutritional Composition of White Worms (Enchytraeus albidus Henle, 1837) in Various Substrates

Ergi Bahrioglu1, Mustafa Hac Isa2, Sibel Cengiz2 and Ertan Ercan2*

...nually, using dissection tools. Proximate composition of the produced white worms was measured with regard to given ratios of the protein, carbohydrate and lipid sources provided from the feed materials. The plant-based diet yielded the highest worm density of the study (2220 worms/unit) while the garden soil was used as substrate. In comparison, the fish feed-based diet fed white worms reached a significantly lower density (627 worms/unit) although the optima...
Phylogenetic Relationship among Indigenous Cattle Breeds of Pakistan Based on RAPD Markers

Muhammad Saif-ur Rehman1, Faiz-ul Hassan1* and Muhammad Sajjad Khan2

...by using latest genomics tools to get insights into the evolution and domestication of indigenous cattle breeds.

...
Epitopes Determination for OMICRON: The COVID-19 New Variant

Saba Rehman1, Faisal Salih Hayat1, Sadia Norin2, Abdul Aziz1, Siddiq Ur Rahman1* and Noor ul Haq1*

...d through bioinformatics tools and several databases have been used to identify suitable natural inhibitors. The OMICRON variant was analyzed to identify suitable vaccine candidates by identifying B-Cell epitopes. To design a drug, REPAGLINIDE and ENT-NATEGLINIDE were identified as natural inhibitors based on docking score. To design a vaccine the B-cell epitope i.e., CLIGAEYVNNSYECD was found to the highest antigenicity score. The present study identifies nat...
High Pathogenicity Island (HPI) Main Structural Genes and their Bioinformatics Analysis in Clinically Isolated E. coli from Saba Pigs
Chunlan Shan1, Chaoying Liu1, Qin Lu1, Guowen Fu2, Syed Aftab Hussain Shah3, Rana Waseem Akhtar4, Ru Zhao2, Libo Gao2, Chang Liu2, Shushu Miao2, Hongdan Wang2 and Hong Gao2*

 

...ted using bioinformatics tools. These proteins had differences in random curls, α-helix and slight amount of β-sheet. After validation, 10 iron deficient isolates expressed the ferritin HMWPs similar to those of Yersinia. Later on, Kunming mice were infected with E. coli HPI+ and HPI- strains, respectively for the histopathology examination. The higher organ damage was observed by E. coli HPI+ than HPI- strain in mice. This study postulates the pred...
Cyto-morphological-Changes-in-Exfoliated-Vaginal-Cells-and-Thermal-Rhythms-of-Red-Sokoto-does-during-the-Oestrous-cycle

Umar M. Bello1*, Samuel A. Ojo1, Abdurrahman Ghaji1, Ambrose A. Voh (Jr)2, Muazu N. Bappah3, Casmir O. Igbokwe4  

...on with other diagnostic tools, as a potential on-farm indicator of oestrous stage in Nigerian indigenous breeds of Red Sokoto does.

Keywords | Exfoliative vaginal cytology, Oestrus cycle, Red Sokoto does, Rectal temperature, Vaginal temperature 

...
Structural-Functional Characterization of Cytochrome b in bc1 and b6 f Complexes along with Polymorphic Analysis

Mohsin Shad1, Muhammad Usman2 and Qurratulann Afza Gardner1*

...lico structural analysis tools, emphasizing that despite vast knowledge available in this field, still there are so much to explore about cyt b.

...
In-Vitro Pathogenicity of Entomopathogenic Nematodes Associated Symbiotic Bacteria and their Metabolites against Armyworm Spodoptera litura Fabricius

Hina Safdar1,2*, Nazir Javed2, Sajid Aleem Khan2, Muhammad Zeeshan Majeed3, Arif Mehmood3 and Muhammad Arshad4

...tive biorational control tools against S. litura.

...
Role of Non-Timber Forest Products in Income Enhancement of Mountainous People of Swat and Mansehra Districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

Ayaz Ahmed1*, Muhammad Zulfiqar1 and Saadutullah Khan2

...y areas and also provide tools and trainings to local collectors.

...
Comparative Evaluation of the Reaction of Indirect Hemagglutination, Enzyme Immunoassay and Serological Tests at the Diagnosis of Brucellosis in Cattle

M.M. Mikailov1*, O. Yu. Chernykh2, E.A. Yanikova1, G.A. Nurlygayanova3, O.D. Sklyarov4 

...of the tested diagnostic tools was carried out using 46 blood serum samples from cows immunized with a vaccine from the B. abortus 82 strain from a farm that is unfavorable for brucellosis. Studies have shown that RNGA is one of the most sensitive tests, which allows to identify in a dysfunctional economy a high percentage of animals with brucellosis (39.1% of those studied) in the early stages after infection and surpasses the results of most other serologica...
Detection of Grapevine Fanleaf Virus Capsid Protein Gene by RT-PCR and DNA hybridization

E. K. Allam.1; B. A. Othman.1; Hayam S. Abdelkader2; and Noher A. Mahmoud2

...etection methods provide tools assisting in the understanding of the epidemiology and diversity of nepoviruses as well as to facilitate resistance breeding, cultivar selection, and development of control strategies.

...
Infectious Bronchitis: A Challenge for the Global Poultry Industry

Sar Zamin Khan1*, Muhammad Waqas1 and Sagar M. Goyal2

...evelopment of diagnostic tools are important for the formulation of effective prevention and control programs. This review deals with the global prevalence of IBV along with its pathogenesis, diagnosis, and control. In summary, we have discovered that measures to combat infectious bronchitis is not fully effective and the continued attention of the scientific community and funding agencies can help protect the global poultry industry from this challenge.

...
An Assay to Detect the Impact of Biosecurity Levels of Farms on Broilers Gut Health

Skenndri Safae1*, Charrat Nadia2, Jmiai Mehdi3, Nassik Saadia1 

...lers, we used a panel of tools and techniques, ranging from numerical tools used to gather data from the farms to bacteriological material geared toward pathogens detection. The microscopic lesions found on most of the farms of the P group on day 35 indicated the ongoing of a regenerative process, contrarily to the farms of the D and G groups, in which the guts still underwent inflammation on day 35. Coccidiosis infection wa...
In Silico Analysis of Genome Wide Non-Synonymous Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in Indigenous Cattle Breeds of Pakistan
Umer Farooq1,2, Nimra Murtaza2, Abubakar Siddique1, Bilal Saleem1, Obaid Ur Rehman1, Nageen Zahra1, Muhammad Uzair1, Muhammad Naeem Riaz1,3* and Muhammad Ramzan Khan1*
...ture based computational tools SIFT, we identified 154 deleterious variants in 134 genes. Gene enrichment highlighted the presence of these genes in different biological processes including developmental, signaling, transport, metabolic and homeostasis. These findings are useful resource for further exploration into the molecular processes associated with these variances.

...
Resistance Modulation of Staphylococcus aureus Isolates of Dairy Cattle through Metallic Oxide Nanoparticles
Maria Azam1, Tahir Mahmood Qureshi1, Saddam Hussain2, Amjad Islam Aqib3*, Shanza Rauf Khan4, Kashif Akram1, Misbah Ijaz5, Maheen Murtaza6, Afshan Muneer6 and Sammina Mahmood7
...-probability statistical tools were applied using SPSS version 22 of statistical software at 5% probability. The current study showed 24.56% of S. aureus positive from commercial dairy while the resistance of these isolates against gentamicin, enrofloxacin, levofloxacin, and vancomycin was found to be 50, 40, 30, 30%, respectively. On the other hand, a disc diffusion assay was concluded with 24.525±0.806 mm (ZnO) followed by 16.475±0.950mm (MgO) ...
Ranking of Internet of Things (IOT) Applications in Dairy Cattle Industry Productivity: A Multi Criteria Decision Making Approach and Thematic Analysis

Sumei Zeng and Yong Zhang*

...terms of data collection tools. The results showed that Detection of Insemination Time (DIT) and Early Detection of Diseases (EDD) applications are more important, respectively.

...
Hunting and Illegal Trade of White-Breasted Waterhen Amaurornis phoenicurus: Evidence from District Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

Asif Sadam1*, Rahmat Ullah Khan2, Karim Gabol2*, Muhammad Awais3,4, Mohammad Ismail1, Sajid Mahmood1, Muhammad Aslam4 and Hamidullah5

... of trapping and hunting tools including traditional traps made up of clothes, smaller pinch traps and bamboo cages, air rifles, shotguns (single and double barrel) and sometimes for full entertainment Kalashnikovs were also used for the killing of medium-sized and large mammals (golden jackal and wild boar) in the study area. Summer appeared to be the best season for hunting. The interviews with locals revealed that the main purpose of trading and hunting of ...
Evaluation of Inflammatory Cytokine IL-17 and Immunohistochemical Analysis of Cirrhotic Liver from HCV Patients

Shafi Muhammad1, Bibi Nazia Murtaza2, Aftab Ahmad1, Muhammad Shafiq3, Nurul Kabir4 and Hamid Ali1*

...IA and STRING online web tools. IL-17A serum levels were significantly higher in fibrotic patients compared to chronic HCV patients and showed a positive correlation with age. The constructed gene network revealed interactions between IL-17A and various other genes, especially chemokines. IHC analysis revealed significant changes in the architecture of liver especially an abnormal expression of alpha (α)-SMA and the activation and transmigration of Kupff...
Sequencing and Phylogenetic Analysis of GPCR, RPO30, P32 and EEV Glycoprotein Genes of Lumpy Skin Disease Virus Recent Isolates in Egypt
Moustafa A. Zaghloul1*, Mohamed F. Azooz1, Saleh E. Ali1*, Heba M. Soliman1, Maha M. Sayed1, Mohamed H. Kafafy2 and Alaa R. Morsy1
... three B-cell prediction tools. Twelve promising and top linear B epitopes passed the antigenicity, allergenicity and toxicity tests. Fifty-seven MHC I epitopes were the most promising, while (49) were from MHC II. Thirteen peptides for MHC II were chosen as the best targets for the vaccine. Seventeen MHC I epitopes were the most promising because they were able to bind to the greatest number of MHC Ialleles and passed the antigenicity, allergenicity and toxic...
An Innovative Tool to Assess the Literary Parameters of a Health Story-Literary Devices Assessment Scoring' (LDAS) Tool

Iftikhar Alam1*, Sumbal Ali1, Anwar Ali Shad2, Aneela Tahmeed1, Hafsa Nawaz1, Shumail Bakht1 and Muhammad Farooq3*

...while there are numerous tools available to evaluate the scientific evidence presented in health story, no tool is available that can assess the literary parameters of a health story. Therefore, the present study aimed to develop and validate an innovative tool that may be used for the assessment of a health story for its literary attributes. Following a comprehensive literature search, an initial twenty-one-item scale was developed and was subjected for conte...
The Implementation of Artificial Intelligence in Veterinary Diseases and Practices: A Comprehensive Review

Muhammad Wasif Gulzar* and Jawad Hussain

...ficial intelligence (AI) tools in veterinary medicine and infectious diseases (viral, bacterial, and parasitic), in contrast to the heavily regulated field of the development of medical devices (which include AI) in human medicine. When introducing such potent technology that might affect the welfare of both humans and animals, we must acknowledge the significance of exercising prudence and accountability. As veterinary experts, it is therefore our responsibil...
COVID-19 Lockdown and its Impact on Animal, Human Health and Veterinary Medical Education, Iraq

Karima Akool Al-Salihi1*, Luay Jumaah Jihad2, Abbas Najm Aldin Saleh3

..., Zoom, and FCC were the tools for lectures and communication with lecturers. A variation appeared in the assessment of the online education Theoretical and Practical Veterinary subjects evaluations, including 6.40%, 13.40%, 19.77%, 25.67%, 34.76%, and 3.30%, 5.30%,18.70%, 25.60%, and 47.10% respectively for scores 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 (poorly, slightly, reasonably, noticeably, significantly affected). In conclusion, this study approved that COVID-19 lockdown adverse...
Molecular Identification of Ixodid Tick Species and their Screening for Selected Protozoan Pathogens Collected from Large Ruminants of Azad Kashmir, Pakistan

Anisa Mushtaq1, Murtaz ul Hasan1*, Asim Shamim2, Muhammad Ali Abdullah Shah1, Muhmamad Arif Zafar3, Abdul Asim Farooq4, Aayesha Riaz1, Muhammad Kamran1 and Saif ur Rehman1 

...firmed through molecular tools amplifying ITS-2 gene. Ticks DNA were then examined by PCR employing a genetic marker that target (18S rRNA gene), for the presence of Babesia and Theileria species in identified ticks. The most common pathogen species observed in ticks was Theileria annulata. This study exposed different hard tick species are prevalent in the study area and these ticks are playing major role in transmission of protozoa (Theileria annulata). On t...

Pakistan Journal of Zoology

April

Pakistan J. Zool., Vol. 56, Iss. 2, pp. 503-1000

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