Stem Epidermal Anatomy of Fourteen Sugarcane Varieties of the Punjab

Nosheen Noor Elahi* and Misbah Mughal

Institute of Pure and Applied Biology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan.

Received | December 21, 2016; Accepted | May 03, 2017; Published | May 12, 2017

Correspondence | Nosheen Noor Elahi, Institute of Pure and Applied Biology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan; Email: nosheenilahi@yahoo.com

Citation | Elahi, N.N., and M. Mughal. 2017. Stem epidermal anatomy of fourteen sugarcane varieties of the Punjab. Sarhad Journal of Agriculture, 33(2): 189-198.

DOI | http://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.sja/2017/33.2.189.198

Keywords | Stem epidermis, Silica cells, Cork cells, Sugarcane, Stomata.

Sugarcane is one of the most important cash crops of Pakistan. For its maximum production in any region it is essential to plant cane varieties which are approved for that region. Planting of sugarcane varieties or cultivars, which have not been approved for unwanted characters can lead to serious economic losses. In order to prevent such losses and for keeping the purity of a variety in the field it is essential for our experts; working in this specific area to have diverse means for differentiating the various varieties. Several attempts have been made to describe the agricultural and morphological features for the description of various sugar cane varieties (Cowgill, 1917; Barber, 1915). These features are number, size, colour of stalks, bud groove, nodal characteristic, ivory patterns, leaf characteristic and root system etc. Cellular studies have shown that sugarcane stem epidermal cells differ (in size, number and distribution of silica cells) between varieties (Frohnmeyer, 1914). The plant epidermis plays an important role in defense, pollinator attraction and water relations that can be attributed to the various specialized cells present in epidermis. The epidermal cells show various morphological specializations that can be added to the varietal descriptions (Prat, 1936; Hubbard, 1948; Chaudhari et al., 2014; Khan et al., 2011; Elahi and Ashraf, 2002). After the work of Artschwager (1930) and (1939), which depend on the varietal modifications of the epidermal structures, little work has been done on these characteristics. His studies, though, presented fairly distinct dissimilarities among varieties. Present study was therefore planned to examine the probability of using some cellular features for the precise documentation of sugarcane varieties.

Materials and Methods

The study was conducted at the Institute of Pure and Applied Biology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan. Mature stalks of the fourteen sugarcane field varieties of Punjab i.e., L-118, CP72-2086, CP43-33, HSF-240, CPF-213, Cojv-84, CO-1148, COL-54, COL-29, CO-975, BL-54, Triton and BF-162 were obtained from the Ayyub Agricultural Research Center, Faisalabad, Pakistan.

Cotological Study of Stem Epidermis

Twelve months old mature stalks of the sugarcane varieties were collected from experimental sites. Ten individual samples of every variety were tested. Care was taken to select the material at similar phase of growth. Central portion of the mature inter node which had reached their absolute length and were no longer enclosed by the protective leaf cover were used for this study.

Maceration

Schultz’s method of maceration was used (Subramanayam, 1996). A portion of about 5 mm2 of the stem epidermis with some of the fibrous and cortical tissues was cut from the selected part of the internodes and placed it in a test tube then 4 ml concentrated nitric acid, 2 gm potassium chlorate and 1 ml of distilled water was added. Then mixture was boiled in a test tube and when epidermis detached, the contents were transferred into a Petridish having some water.

Staining and Slide Preparation

The stem epidermis was mounted on a slide and stained with chloloiodide of Zinc (Van Dillewijin, 1952). Different cytological characters were observed under NIKON Leitzoptiphot research microscope and photographs were taken on Konica Monochrome VX 400.

Statistical Analysis

The data was statistically analyzed (Steel and Torrie, 1980) by using Analysis of Variance. While for the significance of means, Duncan’s multiple range (DMRT) test was used.

Results and Discussion

Stem epidermis of fourteen sugar cane varieties (i.e., L-118, CP72-2086, CP43-33, HSF-240, CPF-237, SPF-213, COjv-84, CO-l148, COL-54, COL-29, CO-975, BL-4, Triton and BF-162) were studied with the help of light microscope (Figure 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and Tables 1, 2). The stem epidermis seemed to be made up of several types of cells inclined in a uniform design. The long cells, which occupy the larger portion of the epidermal cells, look like a four-sided prism. They differ largely in length while differences in width were less apparent.

Table 1: Various stem epidermis characteristics of fourteen sugar cane varieties. Letters indicate statistically significant differences by Duncan’s multiple range tests at P < 0.05

Table 2: Various stem epidermis characteristics of fourteen sugar cane varieties

The differences in epidermal cell structure is divided into two groups; i.e., quantitative and qualitative. Qualitative changes consist of the absence of any type of cell as in the varieties L-118, HSF-240, COL-54, Triton, solitary cork cells and in varieties CPF-237, SPF-213, COL-54, COL-29, CO-975, BL-4, Triton, BF-162 extra cork cells were absent (Table 1, 2) in the stem epidermal cell structure which differentiate them from all other varieties. Structural differences of stem epidermal cells among different sugar cane varieties are sometimes so much striking that many varieties can be recognized by only one character. For example, in the epidermal cell structure of sugarcane varieties Triton (Figure 5C, D) and BF-162 (Figure 6) two cork and two silica cells mostly form short cell group, while in HSF-240, the short cell group mostly formed with two cork and one silica cell (Figure 2A, B). Dahlgren and Clifford (1982) stated that the size, shape and distribution scheme of silica bodies on various plant epidermal structures varies from one species to another, and this difference has always been thought of high taxonomic significance.

There are also quantitative differences as there are partial absences or abundance of any type of cells in different varieties as shown in Table 1 and 2. Among the stem epidermal cells of CP43-33, higher number of pointed elongated cork cells and presence of hook like cork cell (Figure 1D) are the distinguishing characters. This increase may be brought about by the omission of long or silica cells, so that two short cell groups join each other directly (Artschwager, 1930). The inconsistencies of the number of stomata among the different varieties play an important role in classification (Ullah et al., 2011). The distribution of stomata, though erratic, offers a valued diagnostic feature. When comparing the number of stomata in the stem epidermal cells of all the sugarcane varieties, few stomata were observed in COL-29 and CO-975, while in varieties COjv-84, CO-1148, COL-54 and Triton stomata were absent (Table 2). Various kinds of epidermal cells and their supplementary design may help in creating a more natural grouping of the genera and tribes of the Gramineae (Metcalfe, 1960, 1963; Elahi and Ashraf, 2002). Among quantitative variations of epidermal cells, the width and length of long cells, the number and distribution of stomata are very important (Elahi and Ashraf, 2002; Ullah et al., 2011). In the stem epidermal cells of all the 14 sugarcane varieties width of long cell at its maximum and minimum point ranged from 23.5µm-13.25µm and 7.25µm -5µm, respectively, while length of long cells ranged from a minimum of 65.15 µm in the variety HSF-240, to the maximum of 187.75 µm in CP43-33 (Table 1). According to Metcalfe (1960), the long cells exist in different shapes, and can be used for the solution of various taxonomic problems. Van Dillewijn (1952) stated that the sugar cane stem epidermis display a fascinating patterns, which differ significantly in various varieties. Rao and Balasubramanian (1953) suggested that quantitative dissimilarities in size of many organs and cell - types are sometimes linked to chromosome number of the clone. According to Artschwager (1930), it would be necessary to study the epidermis of a large number of canes, in order to trace group relationships and investigates the parental influence in the different crosses.

Conclusion

The diagnostic importance of sugarcane stem epidermal cell structure has been examined on 14 varieties of commercial value. It is clear from the present study that the design of the epidermis of sugarcane varies greatly among varieties and remains nearly constant within variety. So it is suggested that characters of the sugarcane stem epidermal cells are diagnostic and can provide additional reliable characters for identification of varieties when combined with morphological characters. Further studies should be designed to verify that this epidermal cell configuration remains constant under diverse environmental situations.

Acknowledgement

We gratefully acknowledge the Ayyub Agricultural Research Center, Faisalabad for providing the mature stalks of the varieties used for this study.

Authors’ Contributions

Nosheen Noor Elahi designed the experiments, helped with interpretation of data and contributed in conducting experiments. Misbah Mughal conducted the experiments and wrote the manuscript.

Conflict of Interest

Authors have declared no conflict of interests.

References

Artschwager, E. 1939. Illustrated outline for use in taxonomic description of sugarcane verities. Proc. Int. Soc. Sugarcane Technol., 6: 116-128.

Artschwager, E. 1930. A comparative study of the stem epidermis of certain sugarcane varieties. J. Agric. Res. 41: 853-865.

Barber, C.A. 1915. Studies in Indian sugarcanes. I. Punjab canes. Indian Dept. Agric. Mem. Bot. Ser. 7: 1–112

Chaudhari, K.S., M. Arshad, G. Mustafa, S. Fatima, M.S. Amjad and F. Yasmeen. 2014. Foliar epidermal anatomy of grasses from Thal desert, district Khushab, Pakistan. Int. J. Biosci. 4(8): 62-70.

Cowgill, H.B. 1917. A method of identification and description of sugarcane Varieties and its application to types grown in Portu Rico. J. Dept. Agric. Porto Rico. Pp. 119-140, ISSN 2308-1759. Available at: http://revistas.upr.edu/index.php/jaupr/article/view/3352 (Accessed on: 10 may 2017).

Dahlgren, R.M.T., and H.T. Clifford. 1982. The monocotyedons: A comparative study. Academic Press, London, Pp. 378.

Elahi, N.N., and M. Ashraf. 2002. A comparative study of stem epidermis of six sugarcane varieties. Biol. Pak. 48(1-2): 175–184.

Frohnmeyer, M. 1914. Die entstehung und ausbildung der kieselzellen bei den gramineen. Biblthca. Bot. 21(86): 1-41.

Hubbard, C.E. 1948. In: British Flowering Plants (ed. J. Hutchison), Vol. VIII, P.R. Gawthorn Ltd. Pp. 374.

Khan, I., K.B. Marwat, I.A. Khan, I.J. Khan, H. Ali, K. Dawar and H. Khan. 2011. Invasive weeds of southern districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa-Pakistan. Pak. J. Weed Sci. Res. 17(2): 161-174.

Metcalfe, C.R. 1960. Anatomy of the monocotyledons, Volume 1. Clarendon Press, Oxford.

Metcalfe, C.R. 1963. Comparative anatomy as a modern botanical discipline. In: Advance botanical research (ed. R.D. Preston), Volume 1. Academic Press, London. Pp. 101. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0065-2296(08)60180-9

Prat, H. 1936. La Systématique des Graminées. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. 18: 165–258.

Rao, J.T., and A. Balasubramanian. 1953. Relation between anatomical characters and chromosome numbers in Saccharum Spontaneum. Curr. Sci. 22: 247.

Steel, R.G.D. and J.H. Torrie. 1980. Principles and procedures of statistics, 2nd edn. McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York.

Subrahmanyam, N.S. 1996. Laboratory manual of plant taxonomy. Vikas Publishing House (Pvt.) Ltd., New Dehli.

Ullah, Z., M.A. Khan, A. Mushtaq, Z. Muhammad and U. Kifayat. 2011. Systematic implications of foliar epidermis in andropogoneae (poaceae) from Hindukush-himalayas Pakistan. J. Med. Plants Res. 5(6): 949-957.

Van Dillewijn, C. 1952. Botany of the sugarcane. Waltham, MASS., USA.