Research Article

MicroRNA-122 Expression Versus ALT for Liver Injury Detection Involved in Feline Infectious Peritonitis

Eman S Ramadan, Mohamed E Ali, Mohamed A Elkhiat

Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.

Received | December 17, 2022; Accepted | January 09, 2023; Published | January 31, 2023

*Correspondence | Eman S. Ramadan, Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt; Email: emanshawky10@yahoo.com, emanshawky@cu.edu.eg

Citation | Ramadan ES, Ali ME, Elkhiat MA (2023). MicroRNA-122 expression versus ALT for liver injury detection involved in feline infectious peritonitis. Adv. Anim. Vet. Sci. 11(2):288-294.

DOI | https://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.aavs/2023/11.2.288.294

ISSN (Online) | 2307-8316

Copyright: 2023 by the authors. Licensee ResearchersLinks Ltd, England, UK.

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

INTRODUCTION

One of the most fatal illnesses in cats is feline infectious peritonitis (FIP), a virus belongs to Feline Coronavirus (Addie et al., 2009). The virus has two forms in cats: Dry and effusive forms (Kipar and Meli, 2014).

In clinical setting, effusive form is the most encountered with up to 85.8% of cats presented with ascites (Pedersen et al., 2015). Internal organs that are mostly affected are liver, kidney, intestine, and lymph nodes, with subsequent elevation in AST and ALT because of liver cell damage (Yin et al., 2021; Nururrozi et al., 2022). As the liver is a vital organ, its affection is a major cause of mortality and morbidity in cats (Ettinger and Feldman, 2017).

Owing to the non-specific nature of signs associated with hepatic disorders in cats, the diagnostic procedure might be challenging. Preliminary screening for hepatic injury depends on liver enzymes measurement as alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) (Ettinger and Feldman, 2017; Kundrotas and Clement, 1993; Hasan et al., 2018).

In dogs and cats, the ALT estimation has been shown to have suboptimal sensitivity for hepatocellular injury detection and extrahepatic affections in cats causing hepatic enzymes elevation without primary hepatic disease (Dirksen et al., 2017; Eman et al., 2018; Armstrong et al., 2022).

MiRNAs are class of non-coding RNAs that have vital roles in liver as imperative regulators of post-transcriptional gene expression (Krol et al., 2010). MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are evolving as potential serum biomarkers for different affections in human and veterinary patients (Condrat et al., 2020; Miretti et al., 2020). Their specificity and stability in all body fluids makes them excellent biomarker (Grasedieck et al., 2012; Wang et al., 2016; Guo et al., 2014).

Hepatocyte-derived miRNAs are the recently utilized in detection of early liver cell injury (Ramadan et al., 2019). miRNAs are advocated a stable and sensitive biomarker for liver injury detection in human and animal medicine (Laterza et al., 2009; Wang et al., 2009; Zhang et al., 2010; Van der Meer et al., 2013; Ramadan et al., 2019). MiRNA-122 is One of the most important miRNAs for liver cell injuries as it represents 72% of all miR­NAs population in the liver (Ramadan et al., 2019; Dirksen et al., 2016a, b). Circulating miR-122 has been shown to be a sensitive and specific indicator for liver injury in humans and dogs (Eman et al., 2018; Oosthuyzen et al., 2018; Dirksen et al., 2016; Harrill et al., 2014; Antoine et al., 2013; Dear and Antoine, 2014).

In human with liver injury, ALT elevation usually subsequent to miR-122 elevation, this early expression of miR-122 poised it as an early marker for hepatic injuries and disorders (Antoine et al., 2013). Reports dealing with expression of miR-122 are scarce in cats, with one report showing elevation in miR-122 expression in diabetic cats and it may be related to diabetic ketoacidosis hepatocyte damage and hepatic lipidosis (Fleischhacker et al., 2013). Another recent report highlights the potential diagnostic capability of miR-122 as indicator of liver injury compared to ALT in cats (Armstrong et al., 2022). Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the expression of miRNA-122 as indicator for liver injury detection involved in feline infectious peritonitis.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Study design, animal examination and blood sample collection

This study employed twelve cats (n=12) admitted to teaching hospital of small animal, faculty of veterinary medicine, Cairo University. According to physical examination, the cats were classified into clinically diseased cats; (n=6) and apparently healthy cats; (n=6). All cats were subjected to complete clinical, abdominal ultrasonography examination, and laboratory analyses. Clinical signs were recorded at admission time. Blood sample was withdrawn from cephalic vein in each animal on plain tube for serum separation to estimate ALT, AST, total proteins, albumin, globulin, and A/G ratio using specific kits according to manu­facturer instructions (Spectrum Diagnostic Kits, Egypt) (Eccls, 1989; Tietz, 1994; Breuer, 1996). Remaining serum was stored at −20 °C till estimation of miRNA-122.

Abdominal fluid sampling and rivalta test

Abdominal fluid was aspirated under complete aseptic condition by abdominocentesis method, butterfly needle connected to a closed system and syringe (a 10-ml) was used for fluid collection. Fluid was placed in plain tubes and EDTA tubes. Fluid was examined for physical characters (color, viscosity, aspect) and the Rivalta test was performed on the collection day according to (Fischer et al., 2012; Pedersen, 2014; Nururrozi et al., 2022).

Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) rapid test

Rapid test is immunochromatographic assay for the qualitative detection of FIP viral antigens in ascetic fluid (Diagnostic Megacor, AUSTRIA).

Abdominal ultrasonography examination

Abdominal ultrasonography (Mindray) was performed on each cat according to previously stated method (Nyland et al., 2015). The ultrasound was performed to evaluate the echogenicity of hepatic parenchyma, liver size, kidney echogenicity, kidney shape, abdominal lymph nodes, the gastrointestinal tract, presence of free abdominal fluid and splenic echogenicity (Lewis and O’Brien, 2010).

Determination of hepatocyte-derived miRNA-122

RNA extraction from blood samples was performed according to manufacture instructions of QIAamp RNeasy Mini kit (Qiagen, Germany, GmbH).

Primers used were supplied from Metabion (Germany) were miRNA-122 (GCGAGCACAGAATTAATACGAC, TGGAGTGTGACAATGGTGTTTG) and U6 (housekeeping) (GCTTCGGCAGCACATATACTAAAAT, CGCTTCACGAATTTGCGTGTCAT) are shown in Table 1. Primers were utilized in a 25- µl reaction containing 12.5 µl of the 2x Quanti Tect SYBR Green PCR Master Mix (Qiagen, Germany, GmbH), 0.25 µl of RevertAid Reverse Transcriptase (200 U/µL) (Thermo Fisher), 0.5 µl of each primer at a concentration of 20 pmol, 8.25 µl of water, and 3 µl of RNA template was used. A Stratagene MX3005P real-time PCR machine was used to carry out the reaction. The stratagene MX3005P software was used to calculate the amplification curves and CT values. The CT of each sample was compared to the CT of the positive control group according to the “ΔΔCt” method stated by Yuan et al. (2006) using the following ratio: (2-∆∆ct).

Statistical analysis

All data of serum biochemistry were presented as mean ± standard error. The comparison between control and the diseased group was made using SPSS statistic program version 16.0 (independent-samples T test), p value ≤ 0.05 considered significant.

RESULTS

Clinical examination and biochemical analyses findings

In diseased cats, abdominal distension with fluid, icteric buccal mucous membrane, anorexia, depression, lethargy and recumbent were recorded (Figure 1a, c, d). Results of biochemical analysis showed significant elevation in ALT, AST and Globulin associated with significant reduction in albumin and A/G ratio in diseased group compared to control group (Table 2).

 

Rivalta test finding of abdominal fluid

Rivalta test showed clump which reflected a positive result.

Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) rapid test finding

FIP rapid test showed a colored line in the test region representing a positive result (Figure 1b).

 

Table 2: Serum biochemical analysis in feline infectious peritonitis (effusive form) involving liver.

Parameters/units	Control group (n=6)	Diseased group (n=6)
ALT (U/l)	42.04 ± 1.14	77.90 ± 1.62*
AST (U/l)	36.34 ± 1.15	52.24 ± 1.45*
Total protein (g/dL)	6.71 ± 0.11	7.02 ± 0.14
Albumin (g/dL)	3.05 ± 0.09	1.89 ± 0.8*
Globulin (g/dL)	3.66 ± 0.02	5.12 ± 0.06*
A/G ratio	0.83 ± 0.02	0.36 ± 0.01*

Data are represented as mean ±SE; P value ≤ 0.05 considered significant.

 

Abdominal ultrasonography finding

Abdominal ultrasonography revealed free anechoic fluid in the peritoneal cavity (in between liver lobes, separating right kidney and quadate liver lobe, abdominal cavity), abdominal lymphadenopathy, intestinal thickening as well as peritoneal adhesion was recorded (Figure 2a –f).

 

Serum hepatocyte derived miRNA-122 finding

The serum miRNA-122 analysis showed significant increase by 11.31-fold change in cats with liver injury involved in feline infectious peritonitis when compared to control healthy cat group (Table 3). miR- 122 elevated by 11.31-fold change but ALT level elevated two-fold change when compared to control group.

 

Table 3: microRNA-122 expression in feline infectious peritonitis (effusive form) involving liver.

Group	U6 CT	miRNA-122 CT	Fold change
Control group	19.18	22.53	-
Diseased group	19.91	19.76	11.31

 

DISCUSSION

Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a fatal viral illness currently incurable by medications. Also, there are no effective vaccines (Hartmann and Ritz, 2008; Pedersen, 2009; Tanaka et al., 2015). It is immune-mediated infection caused by feline coronavirus (Diaz and Poma, 2009; Goodson et al., 2009). There are two forms effusive and non-effusive form (Addie et al., 2009). Effusive form of it progresses faster and more lethal than dry form (Diaz and Poma, 2009).

Owing to non-specificity of signs, the diagnostic procedure could be exhaustive and challenging. The ALT is the gold standard marker for liver cell damage (Ozer et al., 2008), though, it has limitations (Dirksen et al., 2017; Eman et al., 2018). Moreover, the elevated serum ALT activity does not always correlate with histopathological findings of hepatic tissue (Harrill et al., 2014; Ozer et al., 2008; Lidbury and Suchodolski, 2016). For that, there was an increase on the demand in veterinary medicine for more specific and more sensitive biomarkers for early recognition of cellular injury in liver

This study was focused on the measurement of miR-122 as a recently valuable indicator for liver injury versus to ALT activity in cats. MiRNA-122 is One of the most important miRNAs for hepatic cell injuries as it represents 72% of all miR­NAs population in the liver (Ramadan et al., 2019; Dirksen et al., 2016a, b).

This study showed a significant increase of serum miRNA-122 in cats with effusive form of feline infectious peritonitis including liver by as 11.31-fold change compared to control healthy cats. These findings come in accordance with human studies where serum miR-122 level elevated due to liver cell injury of different etiology (Zhang et al., 2010; Van der Meer et al., 2013; Cermelli et al., 2011; Lewis et al., 2011). Vliegenthart et al. (2015) reported in peoples with acetaminophen-induced hepatic injury that miR-122 had better specificity than other existing biomarkers and predicted the course of illness than ALT alone. Veterinary studies on canine have shown that serum miRNA-122 level elevates due to hepatic injury (Dirksen et al., 2016a, b; Eman et al., 2018; Ramadan et al., 2019). To date there are few papers available regarding miR-122 in feline hepatic diseases. In one study related to diabetes in cats, there was increase in miR-122 expression in diabetic cats (Fleischhacker et al., 2013). The more than 40-fold change increase was assumed to be a result of hepatocyte damage from diabetic ketoacidosis or hepatic lipidosis (Fleischhacker et al., 2013; Bruskiewicz et al., 1997). Another study reported that miR-122 was higher in cats with increased ALT level than in cats with normal serum ALT level and this study highlights the potential diagnostic utility of miR-122 as an indicator of liver injury in cats and encourages further investigation to be applied in this species (Armstrong et al., 2022). In the current investigation, 11.31-fold change increase in miR-122 was reported while elevation in ALT and AST was estimated to be about two-fold change, these findings may support that miR-122 might be valuable indicator for hepatic injuries detection (Oosthuyzen et al., 2018).

The current study recorded abdominal distension with fluid, icterus, weight loss and anorexia in the diseased cats. These signs are comparable with those recorded in the effusive FIP (Pedersen et al., 2015; Nururrozi et al., 2022). Abdominal fluid aspiration revealed viscous fluid, which could be attributed to high protein content (Fischer et al., 2012; Nururrozi et al., 2022). Positive result of Rivalta test obtained from diseased cats. It is a simple test that distinguishes between exudate and transudate (Fischer et al., 2012), it was used in diagnosis of feline infectious peritonitis (Hirschberger et al., 1995).

Serum biochemistry evaluation of these diseased cats showed a significant increase in ALT and AST. Nururrozi et al. (2022) reported that ALT and AST were elevated in effusive form of FIP by two-fold than the normal. These elevations of ALT and AST may be related to the changes in liver cell membrane permeability and hepatocytes damage (Tanaka et al., 2015; Felten and Hartmann, 2019). Advanced peritonitis in association with FIP was implicated as a cause of hepatic inflammation (Tsai et al., 2011; Malbon et al., 2019).

Hypoalbuminemia and hyperglobulinemia were recorded in this study which comes in accordance with other reports (Tanaka et al., 2015; Felten and Hartmann, 2019). The reduction of albumin production by affected liver in FIP infection could be implicated (Nururrozi et al., 2022). Hyperglobulinemia was reported in nearly 89.1% of cats with FIP regardless its type (Riemer et al., 2016), because of specific anti-FCoV immune response (Paltrinieri et al., 2002). Low albumin: globulin ratio (A/G ratio) was recorded in this study which agreed with other reports (Tanaka et al., 2015). A/G ratio was argued to be of higher diagnostic value compared to other hematological tests, (Sparkes et al., 1991; Norris et al., 2005; Addie et al., 2009; Jeffery et al., 2012; Felten and Hartmann, 2019).

Abdominal ultrasonography in this study revealed anaechoic asitiec fluid in abdomen and in between internal organs as liver, kidney, and intestines confirming the effusive form which is characterized by ascites (Tsai et al., 2011; Nururrozi et al., 2022). Furthermore, Yin et al., (2021) reported ascites and few cats showed loss of corticomedullary distinction of the kidneys in cats with FIP.

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION

This study suggests that serum miR-122 might be used as non-invasive, stable, diagnostic biomarker for hepatic injury detection involved in feline infectious peritonitis and consequently might be added to routine and traditional diagnostic methods of hepatic diseases in cats.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Authors would like to thank small animal teaching hospital, Faculty of veterinary medicine, Cairo University for facilitating this work.

Novelty Statement

To our knowledge, this is the third study in cats to evaluate the diagnostic utility of microRNA-122 for liver injury detection.

Author’s Contribution

All authors contributed equally according to their tasks and approved the final manuscript.

Ethical approval

All procedures performed in this study were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institution at which the study was conducted “Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee, Cairo University” and was allotted permit number (Vet Cu 2009 2022491).

Conflict of interest

The authors have declared no conflict of interest.

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