Effect of Rainfall on Cow and Calf Performance Raised Under Oil Palm and Cattle Integrated Farming System
Short Communication
Effect of Rainfall on Cow and Calf Performance Raised Under Oil Palm and Cattle Integrated Farming System
Nurul Isnaini*, Akhmad Kurniawan, Muhammad Nur Ihsan, Dedes Amertaningtyas, Artharini Irsyammawati, Faizal Andri
Faculty of Animal Science, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang-65145, Indonesia
Abstract | The current study aimed to explore the effect of rainfall on cow and calf performance raised under oil palm and cattle integrated farming system. Indonesian local cows (n=200) and Brahman crossbred bulls (n=10) were raised under oil palm and cattle integrated farming system. Data were collected for cow and calf performance from two consequent calvings that were distributed into two groups according to the rainy days and rainfall for a year backward from the calving date. The rainy days were categorized as low (< 150 d) and high (≥ 150 d) whereas rainfall was categorized as low (< 2400 mm) and high (≥ 2400 mm). The results exhibited that rainy days and rainfall did not significantly affect (p > 0.05) cow body weight and body condition score. However, the calf born in the high rainy days and rainfall had a heavier (p < 0.05) birth weight and weaning weight comparing with those born in the low rainfall and rainy days. These results indicated that the different rainfall and rainy days have no considerable effect on cow performance raised under oil palm and cattle integrated farming system, however, these climatic conditions are important for calf performance.
Keywords | Palm oil, Grazing cattle, Breeding cattle, Tropics, Rainfall
Received | March 19, 2022; Accepted | April 25, 2022; Published | July 10, 2022
*Correspondence | Nurul Isnaini, Faculty of Animal Science, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang-65145, Indonesia; Email: nurulisna@ub.ac.id
Citation | Isnaini N, Kurniawan A, Ihsan MN, Amertaningtyas D, Irsyammawati A, Andri F (2022). Effect of rainfall on cow and calf performance raised under oil palm and cattle integrated farming system. J. Anim. Health Prod. 10(3): 344-346.
DOI | http://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.jahp/2022/10.3.344.346
ISSN | 2308-2801
Copyright: 2022 by the authors. Licensee ResearchersLinks Ltd, England, UK.
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
INTRODUCTION
The beef demand in Indonesia is increasing from year to year. In 2019, the beef consumption reached 2.56 kg/capita/year (Center for Agriculture Data and Information Systems, 2019). It is estimated the national beef demand is expected to be doubled in the next two decades. However, recent situation indicated that the domestic beef production only supplied about nearly half of the national demand, while another half come from imported sources (Indonesia Australia Red Meat & Cattle Partnership, 2020). This condition requires a strategy to fulfill the national beef demand.
Recently, Indonesia become a country with the largest palm oil production in the world. It is estimated that Indonesian palm oil accounted for about 58% of world production (United States Department of Agriculture, 2021). The abundance of palm oil by-products is potential to be used as animal feed resources (Agus and Widi, 2018). Besides that, according to Directorate General of Estate Crops (2019), the area of oil palm plantations in Indonesia reached 14.33 hectares. These large areas had potency to be used as potential pasture for grazing cattle. Therefore, the oil palm and cattle integrated farming system is currently used as a national strategy to support the fulfillment of meat demand.
Climatic conditions are essential affecting overall livestock productivity (Isnaini et al., 2021). Among of the climatic conditions, rainfall is the most sensitive factors related with the forage production in the pasture. High rainfall rate was associated with the high forage production, while low rainfall rate was associated with the low forage production (Fynn and O’Connor, 2001; Hein, 2006). The forage availability is a key factor affecting productive performance of cattle (O’Reagain et al., 2009). To date, the evaluation of rainfall on the performances of cattle reared under oil palm and cattle integrated farming system is currently still very limited. For that reason, the current study was planned to investigate the effect of rainfall on cow and calf performance reared under oil palm and cattle integrated farming system.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Experimental Site
The experimental site was located on South Abung District, Lampung, Indonesia. The location is extended from -4.80 to -5.00 latitude and from 104.85 to 104.99 longitude. The altitude of this area is around 38 m above sea level.
Animals and Experimental Design
Indonesian local cows (n=200) and Brahmann crossbred bulls (n=10) were raised under oil palm and cattle integrated farming system. Data were collected for cow and calf performances from two following calvings (total n = 400) and then divided into two groups according to the rainy days and rainfall received for a year backward from the calving date. The rainfall was classified into low (< 2400 mm) and high (≥ 2400 mm), while rainy days were categorized into low (< 150 d) and high (≥ 150 d). Cow performance traits were body weight (BW) and body condition score (BCS), while calf performance traits were birth weight (BiW) and weaning weight (WW).
Statistical Analysis
Data of cow and calf performances were not normally distributed according to the Shapiro-Wilk test. For that reason, data were compared by using Mann-Whitney U test. A significant difference was declared when p < 0.05. All statistical analysis was performed by using IBM SPSS Statistics 22.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The results showed that rainfall did not significantly (p > 0.05) affect cow BW and BCS (Table 1). However, a significant effect of rainfall was recorded on calf BiW and WW (Table 2). The calf born from cow in the high rainfall group had a heavier BiW and WW as compared to the low rainfall group. As shown in Table 3, rainy days had no significant effect (p > 0.05) on cow BW and BCS. Whereas, rainy days significantly affect (p < 0.05) calf BiW and WW (Table 4). The cow in the high rainy days group had heavier calf BiW and WW comparing to those in the low rainy days group.
Table 1: Effect of rainfall during a year period on dam performances reared under oil palm and cattle integrated farming system
| Items | n | Dam BW (kg) | Dam BCS |
| Low (< 2400 mm) | 216 | 325.84±2.73 | 2.84±0.03 |
| High (≥ 2400 mm) | 184 | 326.41±3.68 | 2.88±0.02 |
|
p value |
0.987 |
0.277 |
BW: body weight, BCS: body condition score
Table 2: Effect of rainfall during a year period on calf performances born from dam reared under oil palm and cattle integrated farming system
| Items | n | Calf BiW (kg) | Calf WW (kg) |
| Low (< 2400 mm) | 216 |
26.15±0.29a |
101.38±0.65a |
| High (≥ 2400 mm) | 184 |
27.20±0.35b |
104.96±0.79b |
|
p value |
0.006 | 0.001 |
BiW: birth weight, WW: weaning weight
abuncommon superscripts within a column indicates a significant different (P<0.05)
Table 3: Effect of rainy days during a year period on dam performances reared under oil palm and cattle integrated farming system
| Items | n | Dam BW (kg) | Dam BCS |
|
Low (< 150 d) |
186 | 325.10±3.03 | 2.84±0.03 |
| High (≥ 150 d) | 214 | 326.97±3.27 | 2.88±0.02 |
|
p value |
0.806 |
0.284 |
BW: body weight, BCS: body condition score
Table 4: Effect of rainy days during a year period on calf performances born from dam reared under oil palm and cattle integrated farming system
| Items | n | Calf BiW (kg) | Calf WW (kg) |
| Low (< 150 d) | 186 |
26.23±0.31a |
101.35±0.68a |
| High (≥ 150 d) | 214 |
26.98±0.32b |
104.48±0.73b |
|
p value |
0.040 | 0.003 |
BiW: birth weight, WW: weaning weight
abuncommon superscripts within a column indicates a significant different (P<0.05)
According to the previous study, biomass production in the pasture is directly proportional with the rainfall (Schaffer and Rodriguez-Iturbe, 2018). In a study by Liang et al. (2018), it was also reported that the rainfall had substantial effect on the vegetation growth. The high rainfall may support the growth of vegetation in the pasture so that it could beneficially increase the feed availability for cattle. The increase in feed availability subsequently resulted the improvement in the performance of cattle (Maciel et al., 2018). Souza et al. (2020) mentioned that the high rainfall condition could improve vegetation growth, which was then followed by the maximum cattle weight.
In the current study, the effect of rainfall and rainy days were more pronounce to the performance of calf rather than to the cow. High rainfall and rainy days did not significantly affect cow BW and BCS, but significantly improve calf BiW and WW. This current finding probably indicates the accelerated nutrient utilization in calf as coamppred to cow. In the previous studies, it was also mentioned that nutrient utilization during gestation is mainly used for the growth and development of fetal rather than the dam (Reshalaitihan et al., 2020; Vaz et al., 2022).
CONCLUSIONS
It could be concluded that the rainy days and rainfall have no important effect on cow performance reared under oil palm and cattle integrated farming system. However, the high rainy days and rainfall are necessary for optimal calf performance. It is suggested to provide additional feed during low rainfall and rainy days to optimize calf performance throughout the year.
CONFLICT OF INTERESTS
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors acknowledged financial support from Universitas Brawijaya through Professor Grant No. 976/UN10.F05/PN/2021. The authors also gratitude research facility support from PT. Superindo Utama Jaya. Technical support from Mr. Sihono was also acknowledged.
AUTHORS CONTRIBUTION
All authors equally contributed and approved the manuscript.
REFERENCES
Agus A., Widi T.S.M. (2018). Current situation and future prospects for beef cattle production in Indonesia—A review. Asian-Australas. J. Anim. Sci. 31: 976-983. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.18.0233
Center for Agriculture Data and Information Systems (2019). Beef Outlook (Indonesian). Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Indonesia, Jakarta.
Directorate General of Estate Crops (2019). Tree Crop Estate Statistics of Indonesia: Palm Oil (Indonesian). Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Indonesia, Jakarta.
Fynn R.W.S., O’connor T.G. (2000). Effect of stocking rate and rainfall on rangeland dynamics and cattle performance in a semi‐arid savanna, South Africa. J. Appl. Ecol. 37: 491-507 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2664.2000.00513.x.
Hein L (2006). The impacts of grazing and rainfall variability on the dynamics of a Sahelian rangeland. J. Arid Environ. 64: 488-504. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2005.06.014
Indonesia Australia Red Meat & Cattle Partnership (2020). Joint State of the Industry Report 2020. Indonesia Australia Partnership on Food Security in the Red Meat and Cattle Sector (the Partnership), Jakarta.
Isnaini N., Lestari B.D.W., Andri F., Harsi T., Sukmawati E. (2021). Association between climatic factors with fresh semen quality parameters in Madura cattle (an Indonesian native breed). Am. J. Anim. Vet. Sci. 16: 185-191.
Liang M., Chen J., Gornish E.S., Bai X., Li Z, Liang C (2018). Grazing effect on grasslands escalated by abnormal precipitations in Inner Mongolia. Ecol. Evol. 8: 8187-8196. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.4331
Maciel G.A., Braga G.J., Guimarães Jr, R., Ramos A.K.B., Carvalho M.A., Fernandes F.D., Fonseca C.E.L, Jank L (2018). Seasonal liveweight gain of beef cattle on guineagrass pastures in the Brazilian Cerrados. Agron. J. 110: 480-487. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2017.05.0262
O’Reagain P, Bushell J, Holloway C, Reid A (2009). Managing for rainfall variability: effect of grazing strategy on cattle production in a dry tropical savanna. Anim. Prod. Sci. 49: 85-99. https://doi.org/10.1071/EA07187
Reshalaitihan M, Wynn S, Teramura M, Sato T, Hanada M (2020). Effect of parity number on the dry matter intake of dairy cows during the first week after calving. Anim. Sci. J. 91: e13314. https://doi.org/10.1111/asj.13314
Schaffer BE, Rodriguez-Iturbe I (2018). Water-limited vegetated ecosystems driven by stochastic rainfall: feedbacks and bimodality. Proc. R. Soc. A: Math. Phys. Eng. Sci. 474” 20170649. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2017.0649
Souza R., Hartzell S., Feng X., Antonino A.C.D., de Souza E.S., Menezes R.S.C., Porporato A (2020). Optimal management of cattle grazing in a seasonally dry tropical forest ecosystem under rainfall fluctuations. J. Hydrol. 588: 125102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2020.125102
United States Department of Agriculture (2021). Palm Oil Explorer. https://ipad.fas.usda.gov/cropexplorer/cropview/commodityView.aspx?cropid=4243000, Accessed on July 18, 2021.
Vaz R.Z., Lobato J.F.P., Restle J., Costa P.T., Eloy L., Costa J.L.B. (2022). Weight at conception and gestational gains in the efficiency of beef cows and progeny performance. An. Acad. Bras. Cienc. 94, e20191280. https://doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765202220191280
To share on other social networks, click on any share button. What are these?
