Effect of Vitamin D and Phytase on Growth, Blood Mineral Level and Slaughter Parameters of Broilers

Ali Raza1, Muhammad Sharif1*, Fawwad Ahmad1, Asghar Ali Kamboh2, Muhammad Saeed3, Muhammad Ashraf1 and Asad Ullah Hayder1

1Institute of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.

2Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam, Pakistan.

3Faculty of Animal Production and Technology, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan.

ABSTRACT

Current study investigated the dietary effect of vitamin D and phytase on performance, blood mineral level and slaughter parameters in broiler chicken. Diet A was without vitamin D and phytase supplementation (control). Diets B, C, D, E, F and G were supplemented with phytase at the rate of 400 FTU/kg, 800 FTU/kg, vitamin D 4000 IU/kg, 8000 IU/kg, phytase 400 FTU/kg + vitamin D 4000 IU/kg and phytase 800 FTU/kg + vitamin D 8000 IU/kg of feed, respectively. Each diet was fed to 30 broiler birds from post hatching to day 35. Feed intake was higher (P < 0.05) in birds offered diet B and D, while the weight gain and feed conversion ratio were better (P < 0.05) in those birds offered diet F. Serum calcium contents were more (P < 0.05) in groups D and G, while higher (P < 0.05) phosphorous contents were found in those birds fed diet C and G. The highest (P < 0.05) dressing percentage was observed in group F, and highest (P < 0.05) tibial ash contents were found in groups F and G. Keel bone length was improved (P < 0.05) in those birds receiving ration F and G, while highest (P < 0.05) shank length was observed in those birds receiving diet G. Based on these results, it was concluded that phytase and vitamin D, at the level of 400 FTU/kg and 4000 IU/kg, cumulatively improved the weight gain, feed conversion ratio, dressing percentage, keel bone length and bone mineralization.

Article Information

Received 19 May 2020

Revised 11 July 2020

Accepted 28 July 2020

Available online 16 July 2021

(early access)

Published 07 March 2022

Authors’ Contribution

MS and FA designed the study. AR carried out the experiments. AAK and MS helped in analysis and proof reading. MA and AUH wrote the manuscript.

Key words

Vitamin D, Phytase, Growth, Minerals, Chicken

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.pjz/20200519070540

* Corresponding author: drsharifuaf@yahoo.com

0030-9923/2022/0003-1493 $ 9.00/0

Copyright 2022 Zoological Society of Pakistan

Minerals play an important role in animal production, reproduction, health and growth. Calcium and phosphorous are vital for physiological processes, body functions, bones, muscles, tissue formation and nerve transmission (Yatoo et al., 2013). Phosphorous (80% in bones and 20% in body fluids) maintains body functions. About 70% phytate phosphorous is present in ingredients of plant source (Rezaei et al., 2007).

The action of digestive enzymes is disturbed by phytate. Phytase is used to overcome these problems. It reduces the economic losses and as well as environmental phosphorous excretion (Dilger et al., 2004). Phytase enzyme hydrolyses phytate molecule and releases phosphorous present in bound form. Poultry cannot utilize the phytate phosphorous due to low production of intestinal phytase in poultry (Abbasi et al., 2019).

Calcium is major part of skeletal tissues and bones. Its deficiency leads to rickets, osteoporosis, osteomalacia and osteodyschondroplasia. Bones are shorter in length and have reduced mass and minerals (Onyango et al., 2005). A large quantity of Ca present in diet interferes with the availability of many minerals, such as P, Mg, Mn, and Zn. Feed intake was disturbed when high levels of Ca are added in poultry diet. Vitamin D regulated the dietary calcium which is converted into 1, 25-dihydroxy-vitamin D in liver and kidney. Calcium binding proteins increase calcium absorption from the intestine (Zyla et al., 2000).

Vitamin D3 is produced in animal body upon irradiation of 7-dehydro-cholesterol in skin which is more effective than vitamin D2 plant steroid ergosterol (Saylor et al., 2005). Vitamin D increases the absorption of Ca by increasing the permeability of cells of mucosa to minerals and enhances their deposition in bones. Vitamin D induces formation of osteocalcin (bone protein) (NRC, 1994). Due to deficiency of vitamin D, growing birds develop hypocalcaemia, stunts skeletal development of long bones and weakened shafts. Black coloration of feathers is due to vitamin D deficiency (Panda et al., 2007). Plasma levels of Ca and P were increased when broilers diets were supplemented with vitamin D and phytase (Edwards, 2002). Broilers fed low levels of Ca and P gave significant results when their diets were supplemented with combination of vitamin D3 and phytase (Angel et al., 2007).

There is paucity of data on cumulative effect of vitamin D and phytase. So, this research has been planned to study the mutual effect of vitamin D and phytase on broiler growth, slaughter parameters and calcium, phosphorus absorption in blood.

Material and methods

The trial was conducted at Raja Muhammad Akram Research Center, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. The duration of trial was 35 days. All the experimental procedures were approved by the university ethics committee, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad.

Two hundred and ten day-old broiler chicks were weighed on very first day of experiment and were divided into 7 dietary treatment groups under completely randomized design. A basal ration (CP 21% and M.E 2950 kcal/kg) was formulated (NRC, 1994). Diet A was without vitamin D and phytase supplementation (control). The control diet A has maize grain 61.97%, canola meal 6.55%, soybean meal 24.54%, corn gluten meal (60%) 2.23%, soya oil 1%, di calcium phosphate 1.57%, limestone 1.33%, vitamin premix 5%, l-lysine HCl 0.15%, DL-methionine 0.1%, L-threonine 0.06 %. Diets B, C, D, E, F and G were supplemented with phytase at the rate of 400 FTU/kg, 800 FTU/kg, vitamin D 4000 IU/kg, 8000 IU/kg, phytase 400 FTU/kg + vitamin D 4000 IU/kg and phytase 800 FTU/kg + vitamin D 8000 IU/kg of feed, respectively. FTU is the quantity of enzyme that releases 1µ mol orthophosphate/min from 0.0051 mol /L sodium phytate at pH 5.5 and a temperature of 37 °C (1 FTU=0.00024 g/Kg, IU=0.025µg/kg). The basic dosage levels of phytase and vitamin D were picked from previous studies (Angel et al., 2007), however, for final selection particularly for combined use these were chosen after a preliminary trial (unpublished data). The control diet (A) had maize grain 61.97%, canola meal 6.55%, soybean meal 24.54%, corn gluten (60%) 2.23%, soya oil 1%, di calcium phosphate 1.57%, limestone 1.33%, vitamin premix 0.5% l. lysine HCl 0.15%, DL. Methionine 0.1%, L- threonine 0.06%. FTU is the quantity of enzyme that releases 1 µ mol orthophosphate/min from 0.0051 mol/ L sodium phytate at pH 5.5 and a temperate of 37 oC (1 FTU=0.00024 g/kg, IU= 0.025 µg/kg). The phytase and vitamin D were obtained from commercial source (Sigma-Aldrich, USA). Each group consisted of 30 broiler chicks with 3 replicates of 10 chicks each (7×3×10=210 birds). The birds were provided florescent light with standard conditions of pH, humidity and temperature recommended for broilers. Feed was offered ad libitum and there was free access to fresh and clean water throughout the experiment.

Chicks were weighed on 1st day of their arrival. Then, they were weighed weekly to estimate weekly body weight gain. The weekly average weight gain was calculated by subtracting the previously week weight gain. Total body weight gain was recorded at end of the trial.

A weighed quantity of feed was offered to each group throughout the week and feed refused was weighed at the end of each week to estimate weekly feed consumption. Feed consumption of each group was calculated by subtracting feed orts from each feeder to the feed offered.

Data recorded, regarding weight gain and feed intake were used to calculate weekly feed conversion ratio. The FCR was calculated by

Two birds were randomly selected at the end of trial and slaughtered for dressing percentage. The dressing percentage was determined by using following formula:

At the end of experiment, 2 birds from each replicate were randomly taken to estimate shank length and keel bone length. Shank length and keel bone length was measured by using measuring tape. Similarly, samples of toe / tibia were collected at the end of experiment. Tibia bones were cleaned and skin was removed. The bones were then kept in hot air oven for 24 h at 65°C for drying and then weighed. After drying, weighed samples were kept in muffle furnace for 4 h at 650°C for ash estimation which expressed as dry weight of tibia bone.

Blood samples of slaughtered birds (2/replicate) were collected in syringes which were kept in vertical position for 24 h. After this the blood serum was collected in vaccutainers. The samples were taken to the laboratory (Ripha International Laboratories, Lahore, Pakistan) for the serum calcium and phosphorous determination using a kit method (Crest biosystems, Japan).

The data collected during this experiment were analyzed using GLM procedure of SAS 9.1 (SAS, 2009) and means were compared using Tukey’s Test (Steel et al., 1997). The level of significance was considered at 5% probability.

Results and discussion

Feed intake of broilers was significantly affected when various levels of vitamin D and phytase were added in the ration separately or in combination. Table I shows that highest feed intake was observed in groups B and D, while lowest in groups F and G. So, feed intake was improved due to vitamin D and phytase supplementation added separately.

Considerable difference (P≤0.05) on weight gain was observed in broilers when supplemented various concentrations of vitamin D + phytase (Table I). Highest weight gain (1766) was seen in group F and the lowest in group G (1490) at 35 days. Addition of vitamin D and phytase showed significant difference (P≤0.05) in feed conversion ratio. Results showed that best feed conversion ratio was observed in treatment F while, poorest FCR was observed in groups A, B, C and G (Table I).

Table II shows the effect of phytase and vitamin D administered separately and in combination on dressing percentage, toe/tibia ash percentage, and keel bone and shank length of broilers. Dressing percentage was found to be highest in treatment F and lowest in treatment C. Dressing percentage was improved after vitamin D and phytase addition. The highest tibia ash was found in treatments F and G while the lowest tibia ash percentage was observed in treatments A, B, C, and D. Keel bone length was highest in groups F and G and the lowest keel bone length was observed in groups A, B and C. The highest shank length was observed in group G and lowest shank length was observed in groups B, D, E and F.

Supplementation of various levels of vitamin D and phytase significantly (P≤0.05) affected the serum calcium and phosphoru contents in broilers fed experimental rations as A, B, C, D, E, F and G. The highest level of calcium was present in group D and G and lowest level of calcium was observed in group A (Table II), Whereas, the highest serum phosphorous level was observed in groups C and G, while the lowest level of phosphorous was observed in groups A, B, D, E and F (Table II).

A large body of evidences are accumulated that obviously indicates the efficacy of exogenous enzymes in diets to improve the availability of nutrients that results significant effects on animal performance (Beigh et al., 2018). Likewise, vitamins play a key role in animal performance, growth, bone mineralization health and welfare (Zhang et al., 2019). Though, in commercial poultry vitamins are being used according to recommendations of NRC (1994), however, there is several reports that have shown deficiency of vitamins and/or minerals (like calcium, zinc, copper etc.) in poultry that led to poor performance and meat quality defects (Richards et al., 2010). Our dietary regimens (phytase and Vit. D) have expressively improved the performance parameters (feed intake, body weight and FCR) of broilers.

The results of present study showed that body weight gain was significantly different among all treatment groups. The findings of this study were similar to the findings of Fritts et al. (2003) who studied the effect of different concentrations of 25-hydroxy cholecalciferol (25-OH-D3) and vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol). They reported that improvement in weight gain of broiler birds was due to supplementation of vitamin D and phytase. The results were similar to those performed by Bozkurt et al. (2006), who reported that weight gain was improved in broiler birds offered phosphorous deficient rations having phytase. Similarly, Aksal and Bilal (2002) studied the effect of vitamin D and phytase on absorption of minerals. They showed that absorption of Ca, P, Mn, Zn and Cu was increased with better feed conversion ratio due to vitamin D and phytase supplementation. All these studies collectively support the hypothesis that phytase could improve the P bioavailability from phytic acid molecules of feedstuffs

 

Table I. Effect of different levels of phytase and vitamin D on feed intake, body weight, feed conversion ratio, dressing percentage, tibia ash percentage, and shank and keel lengths in broilers at 35 days age.

Parameters	Treatments*
	A	B	C	D	E	F	G	SEM**
Feed intake (g)	3239ab	3339a	3132ab	3250a	3175ab	3056b	3076b	38.5
Weight gain (g)	1574bcd	1619bcd	1553cd	1690ab	1639abc	1766a	1490d	34.52
Feed conversion ratio	2.06a	2.06a	2.01a	1.92ab	1.93ab	1.73b	2.06a	0.05
Dressing percentage	67.11ab	70.50ab	64.43b	68.28ab	70.38ab	73.08a	69.75ab	1.05
Tibia ash percentage	92.71b	92.74b	93.99b	93.46b	96.08ab	97.88a	97.93a	0.87
Shank length (cm)	8.23ab	7.60b	8.50ab	6.80b	7.63b	6.90b	9.53a	0.36
Keel bone (cm)	11.87b	12.13b	12.03b	13.43ab	13.60ab	14.52a	14.37a	0.42

 

*Treatments A was control, without supplementation of phytase and vitamin D. Diets B, C, D, E, F and G were supplemented @ phytase 400 FTU/kg, 800 FTU/kg, vitamin D 4000 IU/kg, 8000 IU/kg, phytase 400 FTU/kg + vitamin D 4000 IU/kg and phytase 800 FTU/kg + vitamin D 8000 IU/kg of feed, respectively; **Indicates Standard Error mean.

 

Table II. Effect of different levels of phytase and vitamin D on serum calcium and phosphorous in broilers at 35 days age.

Parameters	Treatments*
	A	B	C	D	E	F	G	SEM**
Serum Calcium (mg/dl)	5.85b	6.83ab	6.87ab	8.63a	6.87ab	6.70ab	8.80a	0.41
Serum Phosphorous (mg/dl)	4.17b	4.06b	6.43a	4.43b	4.67b	4.49b	6.24a	0.37

 

For explanation of * and ** and statistical detail, see Table I.

 

(Bozkurt et al., 2006), and this increased availability of P have beneficial effects on weight gain and feed: Gain ratio in chickens. However, it is also been hypothesized that phytase supplementing animals have better performance because of positive effects of enzymes on utilization of metabolizable energy (Ravindran et al., 2006).

Results of present study are also in line with findings of Adebiyi et al. (2009), who examined the effect of adding maize based rations with various concentrations of microbial phytase on bioavailability of phosphorous in serum. They stated that phytase addition in rations enhanced P, Ca, and Cu bioavailability in broilers serum significantly, thus cause the strengthening of bones and mineral deposition in smooth muscles (Woyengo et al., 2010). They offered basal rations (recommended concentrations of vitamin D and Ca) as control and suboptimal levels of calcium and non-phytate phosphorous. They reported that plasma phosphorous was increased. Vitamin D increased the absorption and retention of phosphorous in blood serum.

The effects of vitamins on carcass parameters like dressing percentage is still controversial (Zhang et al., 2019). Our results have demonstrated that addition of rations with vitamin D and phytase to broilers ration improved dressing percentage. Maximum effects were observed when birds were fed vitamin D 4000 IU/kg in combination with 400 FTU/kg of phytase (group F). Our results have demonstrated that combined supplementation of vitamin D and phytase improved the tibial ash percentage. These results were in accordance with Driver et al. (2006) who investigated tibial strength and tibial ash contents by addition of various concentrations of phytase in ration. They showed that microbial phytase supplementation in rations enhanced the tibial ash percentage.

Our dietary regimens vitamin D and phytase have also significantly affected the keel bone and shank length of broilers. However, the findings of present research trial were opposed by Saylor et al. (2005), who reported that vitamin D and phytase had no effect on keel bone and shank length in broiler birds.

Conclusion

From the present study, it is concluded that combined supplementation of phytase and vitamin D, at the level of 400 FTU/kg and 4000 IU/kg respectively improved the weight gain, feed conversion ratio, dressing percentage, keel bone length and bone mineralization in broilers.

Statement of conflict of interest

The authors have declared no conflict of interest.

References

Abbasi, F., Fakhur-un-Nisa, T., Liu, J., Luo, X. and Abbasi, I.H., 2019. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 26: 9469-9479. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-4000-0

Angel, R., Saylor, W.W., Mitchell, A.D., Powers, W. and Applegate, T.J., 2007. Poult. Sci., 87: 1200-1211. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/85.7.1200

Beigh, Y.A., Ganai, A.M., Ahmad, H.A., Mir, D.M., Bhat, M.A. and Muzamil, S., 2018. J. Anim. Hlth. Prod., 6: 96-102. https://doi.org/10.17582/journal.jahp/2018/6.4.96.102

Bozkurt, M., Cabuk, M. and Alcicek, A., 2006. J. Poult. Sci., 43: 29-34. https://doi.org/10.2141/jpsa.43.29

Dilger, R.N., Onyango, E.M., Sands, J.S. and Adeola, O., 2004. Poult. Sci., 83: 962-970. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/83.6.962

Driver, J.P., Peti, G.M., Bakalli, R.I. and Edwards, H.M., 2006. Poult. Sci., 85: 1939-1946. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/85.11.1939

Edwards, H.M., 2002. J. Nutr., 123: 567-577. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/123.3.567

Fritts, C.A., Kersey, J.H., Saleh, E.A., Raboy, V. and Waldroup, P.W., 2003. Poult. Sci., 13: 1451-1459.

NRC (National Research Council). 1994. Nutrient requirements of poultry. 9th ed. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.

Onyango, E.M., Bedford, M.R. and Adeola, O., 2005. Poult. Sci., 84: 248-255. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/84.2.248

Panda, S., Biswas, P. and Mondal, M.K., 2007. Int. J. Poult. Sci., 6: 201-206. https://doi.org/10.3923/ijps.2007.201.206

Ravindran, V.B.W. and Kornegay, E.T., 2006. Poult. Avian Biol. Rev., 6: 125-143.

Rezaei, M., Borbor, S., Zaghari, M. and Teimouri, A., 2007. Int. J. Poult. Sci., 6: 55-58. https://doi.org/10.3923/ijps.2007.55.58

Richards, J.D., Zhao, J., Harrell, R.J., Atwell, C.A. and Dibner, J.J., 2010. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci., 23: 1527-1534. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2010.r.07

SAS, Institute, Inc., 2009. SAS user’s guide: version 9.1 end, SAS institute Inc., Cary, North Carolina.

Saylor, W.W., Dhandu, A.S., Powers, W. and Applegate, T.J., 2005. Poult. Sci., 84: 1031-1044. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/84.7.1031

Steel, R.G.D., Torrie, J.H. and Dickey, D.A., 1997. Principles and procedures of statistics: A biometric approach. McGraw Hill Book Co. NY, USA. pp. 666.

Woyengo, T.A., Slominski, B.A. and Jones, R.O., 2010. Poult. Sci., 89: 2221-2229.

Yatoo, M.I., Dimri, U. and Sharma, M.C., 2013. J. Anim. Hlth. Prod., 1: 24-28.

Zhang, H., Liao, H., Zeng, Q., Wang, J., Ding, X., Bai, S. and Zhang, K., 2019. J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr., 103: 53-63. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpn.13001

Zyla, K., Ledoux, D.R., Kuiawski, M. and Venum, T.L., 2000. Poult. Sci., 75: 380-387. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0750381