Research Article

Effect of Inorganic Cr (Chromium Chloride on Carbohydrate Metabolism in Cirrhinusmrigala (mori)

Farkhanda Asad1*, Samina Qamer1, Tayyaba Ali1, Ammara Behzad1 and Tahira Yasmin2

1Department of Zoology, Government College University Faisalabad, Pakistan; 2National IPM Programme, Department of Plant and Environmental Protection, National Agricultural Research Centre, Park Road Islamabad, Pakistan.

Received | November 07, 2017; Accepted | August 28, 2018; Published | January 15, 2019

*Correspondence | Farkhanda Asad, Department of Zoology, Government College University Faisalabad, Pakistan; Email: far_khane@yahoo.com

Citation | Asad, F., S. Qamer, T. Ali, A. Behzad and T. Yasmin. 2019. Effect of inorganic Cr (Chromium Chloride on Carbohydrate Metabolism in Cirrhinusmrigala (mori). Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Research, 32(1): 134-139.

DOI | http://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.pjar/2019/32.1.134.139

Keywords | Dietary chromium, Metabolism, Corn, Carbohydrateand Cirrhinusmrigala

Introduction

In many parts of the world aquatic food products are essential component of human diet and especially are source of protein. Due to increasing population we are facing shortage of food especially in protein form, fish farming has expanded as substitute cheap source of protein (Zeitoun and Mehana, 2014). During the past four years global annual aquaculture production has been expanding at an average rate of 2.9% (FAO-FISHSTAT, 2012). Intensive and semi-intensive fish cultures are gaining more importance for production of low cost diet (Khan et al., 2015). For growth and survival of fish species nutrition is most important. Fish meal is a rich source of protein and also containing essential amino acids, low carbohydrates content and fatty acids (Altan and Korkut, 2011). But it is most expensive and not a reliable source. Fish meal can be replaced with other inexpensive sources that would be of different types and originated from plants (Slawski et al., 2013). Cirrhinusmrigalais commonly called mori, white carp and mrigal. It is one of Indian major carps developed mostly in Southeast Asian nations. It feeds generally on natural vegetation but in the absence of natural feed Cirrhinusmrigala feeds on artificial feed (Khan, 2015).

To reduce feed cost carbohydrates are utilized in fish feed formulation because carbohydrates are most economical, low cost than lipids and protein and a rich source of energy (Yengkokpam et al., 2007). Some factors such as dietary level, source or type and gelatinization treatment are responsible for better digestibility of carbohydrates in fishes (Krogdahl et al., 2005). As compared to other fishes major carps have enhanced digestibility for carbohydrates (Kumar et al., 2009). In this experiment corn was utilized as carbohydrate source because it is a rich source carbohydrates and its digestibility and utilization can be enhanced by gelatinization of corn. Gelatinization is a procedure in which corn is treated in the presence of water and heated as a result breaking down of intermolecular bonds occurs and swelling of starch granules improves digestibility and palatability (Yengkokpam et al., 2007).

Some other factors are also responsible for carbohydrate digestibility and utilization. In all physiological processes lipids are vital for normal growth and reproduction (Tocher, 2003). Chromium has various oxidation states from Cr+2 and Cr+6 but in nature mostly trivalent and hexavalent form of chromium are found (NRC, 2005). Chromium chloride hexahydrate reacts with protein and amino acids because it can easily cross all biological membranes that’s why Cr+6 is a powerful oxidizing agent (Pechova and Pavlata, 2007).

The purpose of this experimental trial is to utilize low cost diet carbohydrates that improve palatability and digestibility of C. mrigala. Chromium choridehexahydrate works as a cofactor for insulin activity and in this experiment, it was utilized as food additives which improves metabolism of C. mrigala.

Materials and Methods

This nutritional trial was performed in research lab, Department of Zoology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan.

Test Specie

C.mrigalaspecie was selected as experimental fish. Its fingerlings (1-2 inches) were purchased from fish seed hatchery, Staina road Faisalabad, Pakistan.

Acclimatization of experimental fish

C. mrigalafingerlings were acclimatized for one weekand stocked in aquaria having 30 L water capacity. Throughout acclimatization period C.mrigalafingerlings were fed tosatiations on control diet (non gelatinized and Cr-free).By using following standard method (APHA, 1985) water quality parameters such as pH, dissolved oxygen and temperature were monitored on daily basis.

Stocking density

Six hundred fingerlings of equal sizewere dispersed arbitrarily in six experimental groups with two replicates of each treatment. Oxygen pumps with capillary system were used to supply oxygen (5-6 ppm) for proper aeration.

Experimental diets

By using corn (gelatinized and non-gelatinized) with various levels of chromium chloride (0, 0.2 and 0.4 Cr2Cl3.6H2O mg Kg-1) six experimental diets were prepared (Table 1). Corn flour was added with almost 50% water (v/w) to form it dough. Then dough was placed in autoclave for one hour at 120 °C to attain maximum gelatinization. The dried and gelatinized corn flour with all test ingredients were then pulverized to pass through 5mm sieve size. All ingredients were mixed thoroughly for 8 min and fish oil was added gradually while mixing the diet. During mixing 10-12% water was added to form dough (Lovell, 1989). Dough was then steam conditioned for 10 min. Hand pelletizer was used to prepare pellets of 2mm diameter, oven dried for 24 h at 60 0C and stored in air tight jars at room temperature.

Feeding protocol

Cirrhinusmrigala fingerlings were fed twice a day on experimental diet at the rate of 4% live wet body weight. For proximate analysis this nutritional trial was continued for 90 days to collect appropriate amount of fecal matter. Chromic oxide was added at the rate of 1% as an inert marker. After the feeding period of 2 hours fingerlings were shifted to partitioned aquaria for the collection of fecal matter. By siphoning out fecal matter was collected from each aquarium, then dried at room temperature and stored for proximate analysis.

Digestibility studies

The ADCs (%) of dry matter, ash, crude protein, crude lipid, crude protein, and gross energy was calculated by using following formulas (NRC, 2011):

Proximate analysis

The representative samples of dried feed ingredient (corn), test diets and feces were homogenized by using mortar and pestle separately and were analyzed using standard method (AOAC ,1995) for dry matter (DM), ash, crude lipid (CL) and crude protein (CP). Dry matter contents were measured by drying the

Table 1: Percentage composition of test diets.

Chromium assay: The chromium oxide content in the feeds and fecal matter was estimated by using UV-VIS 2001 Spectrophotometer at 370 nm absorbance (Divakaran et al., 2002).

Statistical analysis

Highly significant difference among gelatinized and non-gelatinized carbohydrate diets with various levels of chromium chloride hexahydrate was tested by one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and comparison of means was done by Tukey’s Honestly significant difference test and considered significant at p>0.05 (Snedecor and Cochran, 1991).

Results and Discussion

The results for proximate analysis of fish feed, and fecalmatter are given in Table 2 and 3 respectively. While, apparent nutrient digestibility coefficient (%) of nutrientsdry matter, ash, crude lipid, crude protein and gross energy for test diets is given in Table 4.

Table 2: Proximate nutrient analysis of fish test diets and estimation of chromic oxide (Cr2O3) %.

Table 3: Proximate nutrient analysis (%) of fish fecal matter and estimation of chromic oxide (Cr2O3).

This feeding trial revealed that apparent nutrient digestibility coefficient values for all nutrients (dry matter, ash, crude lipid, crude protein and gross energy) were maximum in experimental groups that were treated with diets supplemented with gelatinized corn and chromium chloride. Inclusion of gelatinized corn improved the digestibility and utilization of fish feed. Some factors are responsible for better digestibility of carbohydrates i.e. type of carbohydrate, level of gelatinization and dietary addition level (Mohapatra et al. 2003). The apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) of dry matter was found maximum in experimental group-T5 (G/0.4CrCl3.6H2Omg/kg). It may be due to the reason that gelatinized corn increased utilization of feed and as a result better growth attained that improved dry matter in fish body. These results are in favor of Yengkokpam et al. (2007). Who stated that apparent digestibility coefficient of dry matter improved by using gelatinized carbohydrates as compared to non-gelatinized carbohydrates. While Mohapatra et al. (2003) reported that apparent dry matter digestibility was greater in those experimental groups that were fed on non-gelatinized corn.

Highest value of ADC for ash was recorded in experimental group-T6. Liu et al., (2010) reported that Cr-pic had no beneficial effects on ash deposition in fish body meat. However, contrary results of our finding were observed by Asad et al. (2014) who concluded maximum ash value of ADC for non-gelatinized corn. Apparent nutrient coefficient for crude lipid was found highest in group-T5 (G/0.4CrCl3.6H2O mg/kg). These results are in accordance with Shahzad et al. (2006) who reported that lipid digestibility was highest for corn as compared to feather and wheat meal. However, dissimilar conclusions were observed by Asad et al. (2014) who stated highest ADC of lipid in non-gelatinized corn as compared to gelatinized corn. Diet containing rich source of carbohydrates maximize lipogenic enzyme activity in omnivorous fish and as a result maximum lipid deposit in various tissues (Yengkokpam et al., 2007). Apparent protein digestibility was positively correlated with gelatinized feedbecause maximum value was recorded for experimental group T3 (G/ 0.2 mg kg-1). Similar results were reported by Shahzad et al. (2006) who found highest apparent digestibility coefficient of crude protein in corn meal. Gelatinization of corn enhanced digestibility of feed which improved protein profile of fish. In case of gross energy maximum value of apparent digestibility coefficient was recorded for group-T5 (G/0.4CrCl3.6H2Omg kg-1). However, contradictory results were observed by Asad et al. (2014) who reported maximum value of ADC for gross energy in non-gelatinized corn. It might be due to variation in feed ingredients or addition of chromium chloride.

Conclusions and Recommendations

From trial it was concluded that inclusion of dietary chromium (chromium chloride) with gelatinized corn in fish feed of Cirrhinusmrigala improved digestibility coefficient of dry matter, ash and crude lipid and

Table 4: Apparent nutrient digestibility coefficient (%) of test diets used in trial.

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