Black Scurf of Potato Disease Prevalence in the Markets of Federal Capital Territory, Pakistan
Research Article
Black Scurf of Potato Disease Prevalence in the Markets of Federal Capital Territory, Pakistan
Muhammad Abu Bakar Siddique1, Faisal Sohail Fateh2*, Zia-Ur-Rehman1 and Humayun Saleem1
1Plant Pathology, Department of Agriculture, College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Pakistan; 2National Agricultural Research Centre, Islamabad, Pakistan.
Abstract | Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) belongs to solanaceae family and is categorized as tuberous crop. Potato is ranked 4th all over the world after rice, wheat and maize. Nutritionally potato is rich in vitamins (B1, B2 and B6), minerals (potassium, phosphorus and magnesium), pantothenic acid and riboflavin. Major potato producing districts in Punjab are Okara, Sahiwal, Kasur, Sialkot, Sheikhupura, Narowal, Lahore, Pakpattan, Jhang, TobeTek Singh and Gujranwala. Potato is attacked by a number of diseases including early blight of potato, black scurf disease of potato, stem canker and powdery scab of potato. Among various fungal diseases in potato crop, the black scurf disease of potato caused by Rhizoctonia solani, affects the quality of potato and lowers its market value. A preliminarily a study was designed to see the prevalence, incidence and severity of black scurf disease in the markets of Federal Territories of Islamabad to estimate the intensity of the disease by calculating the disease index. Maximum disease index was observed in Abpara and F-10 markets i.e. 21.11% with varying disease incidence and severity percentage. However, the presence of black scurf disease in the market shows that in Pakistan the consumers do not consider it as a threat, because it remains in potato peel only.
Received | February 26, 2020; Accepted | March 21, 2020; Published | July 08, 2020
*Correspondence | Faisal Sohail Fateh, National Agricultural Research Centre, Islamabad, Pakistan; Email: faisalmyname@gmail.com
Citation | Siddique, M.A.B., F.S. Fateh, Z.U. Rehman and H. Saleem. 2020. Black scurf of potato disease prevalence in the markets of federal capital territory, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Research, 33(3): 440-444.
DOI | http://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.pjar/2020/33.3.440.444
Keywords | Potato, Black scurf, Rhizoctonia solani, Markets, Prevalence
Introduction
Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) belongs to solanaceae family and is categorized as tuberous crop. Potato is ranked 4th all over the world after rice, wheat and maize (Ahmed et al., 1995). In Pakistan, it is the most prominent vegetable possessing 16-22% starch that is used in multiple combinations with meat, rice and mutton (Ahmed et al., 1995).
Potato tubers comprise of 79% moisture contents and 21% dry matter, while about 60-80% is starch. Nutritionally, potato is rich in vitamins (B1, B2 and B6), minerals (potassium, phosphorus and magnesium), pantothenic acid and riboflavin. Soluble and insoluble fibers present in potato help in curing constipation and colon cancer. This also decreases absorption of dietary cholesterol which leads to lower plasma LDL cholesterol. Oil drilling firms make use of potato starch for washing the boreholes. Tubers may contain toxic alkaloids as solanine and chaconine. Formation of solanine in tubers is indicated by greenish discoloration with sprouts on potato skin (Memon, 2017).
The total world potato production is estimated at 388,191,000 tonnes in 2017 (FAOSTAT, 2019). In Pakistan, potato is cultivated on an area of 194003 hectares with the production of 4447776 tonnes. Among provinces, the Punjab has highest area of potato under cultivation i.e. 180478 hectares and maximum production of 4402582 (GoP, 2018).
Major potato producing districts in Punjab are Okara, Sahiwal, Kasur, Sialkot, Sheikhupura, Narowal, Lahore, Pakpattan, Jhang, Toba Tek Singh and Gujranwala (Memon, 2017). Potato is mostly found as either red skin varieties e.g. desiree, cardinal, raja, synphonia and barna or white skinned e.g. santana, santé, and diamond (Khan et al., 2010).
Potato is attacked by a number of diseases including early blight of potato, black scurf disease of potato, stem canker and powdery scab of potato (Rauf et al., 2007; Majeed et al., 2014). Among various fungal diseases, the black scurf disease caused by Rhizoctonia solani is a serious threat to potato crop. The characteristic symptoms of black scurf include; dark brown to black colored hard masses of sclerotia, irregularly shaped and superficial, varying from small, flat, barely detectable blotches to large and raised lumps adhering tightly to the skin) on tubers and stem canker are the result of Rhizoctonia disease complex in potato (Tsror, 2010).
The potato black scurf and stem canker on potato crop is economically important disease. It is often referred as Rhizoctonia disease complex and is common in most of the potato cultivating areas around the world (Powelson et al., 1993; Jeger et al., 1996). The disease gets severe when infected tubers are used as seeds and become sources of inoculum for future potato crops. The fungus survives hard conditions in the form of black sclerotia which germinate under cold and wet soil conditions. The stem arising from such tubers is characterized by brown and black sunken lesion on young and under-developed tissues (Larkin et al., 2006).
Black scurf disease affects the quality of potato and lowers its market value. A preliminary study was designed to see the prevalence, incidence and severity of black scurf disease in the markets of Federal Territory of Islamabad to estimate the intensity of the disease by calculating the disease index.
Materials and Methods
A survey was done in the markets of Federal Capital Territory of Islamabad Pakistan. These markets included G-11, Aabpara, G-10, G-9, Sabzi Mandi, Chattha Bakhtawar, F-10, Near Metro mall and F-11. The samples were randomly taken from the markets containing 3 Potatoes in a sample. The samples were taken in the paper envelop and labeled the location, sample type and date (Figure 1).
The samples were brought to Plant Pathology Laboratory of Crop Diseases Research Institute, NARC Islamabad and the observations for the following parameters were recorded.
Prevalence
Prevalence is defined as the presence of disease in the market. The disease was either present or not present in the markets.
Disease incidence (%)
The incidence was defined as the percentage of number of infected tubers among the sample population taken.
Mean disease incidence percentage was calculated from the sub locations surveyed in the market.
Disease severity
The disease severity was defined as the percentage of infected area of tubers with spots clusters. The severity was based on the following rating scale (0-5):
Where; 0 means No disease; 1 means 1-10% disease; 2 means 11-20% disease; 3 means 21-30% disease; 4 means 31-49% disease; 5 means 50% or more disease.
Mean disease severity rating (0-5) was calculated from the sub locations surveyed in the market.
Disease index (%)
Disease Index (%) is the actual disease scenario which is calculated by combining disease incidence and disease severity. Following is the formula of disease index (%):
Where;
n1= No. of Plants having no disease 0; n2= No. of Plants with disease rating 1; n3= No. of Plants with disease rating 2; n4= No. of plants with disease rating 3; n5= No. of plants with disease rating 4; n6= No. of plants with disease rating 5.
Results and Discussion
Prevalence of black scurf disease
The samples taken from various markets of Federal Capital Territory Islamabad showed that the prevalence of disease was 100% in all markets of G-11, Aabpara, G-10, G-9, Sabzi Mandi, Chattha Bakhtawar, F-10, Near Metro mall and F-11 (Table 1) (Figure 2).
Table 1: Mean prevalence (%), mean disease incidence (%) and mean disease severity of black scurf disease in the markets of federal capital territory.
| Location | Mean prevalence (%) | Mean incidence (%) | Mean severity |
| G-11 | 100 | 52.78 | 1.03 |
| Aabpara | 100 | 44.44 | 0.67 |
| G-10 | 100 | 44.44 | 1.06 |
| G-9 | 100 | 55.56 | 0.56 |
| Sabzi Mandi | 100 | 50.00 | 0.61 |
| Chattha Bakhtawar | 100 | 75.00 | 2.58 |
| F-10 | 100 | 47.22 | 1.06 |
| Near Metro mall | 100 | 66.67 | 0.89 |
| F-11 | 100 | 44.44 | 0.78 |
Mean disease incidence (%)
Mean disease incidence percentage 75% in Chattha Bakhtawar followed 66.67 in the market near Metro Mall, 55.56% in G-9, 52.78% in G-11, 50% in Sabzi Mandi, and 47.22% in F-10 market. Minimum mean disease incidence 44.44% was found in the markets of Aabpara, G-10 and F-11. (Table 1).
Mean disease severity (0-5)
Maximum mean disease severity rating 2.58 was found in Chattha Bakhtawar followed by 1.06 in G-10 and F-10 and 1.03 in G-11market. In markets of near Metro Mall, Aabpara and SabziMandi the mean disease severity was 0.89, 0.67 and 0.61 respectively. However, minimum disease severity 0.56 was found in G-9 (Table 1).
Mean disease index (%)
The maximum mean disease index was observed in 21.11% in both G-10 and F-10 followed by 20.56% in G-11, 17.78% in near Metro Mall, 17.22% in Chattha Bakhtawar, 15.56% in F-11, 13.33% in Aabpara and 12.22 in Sabzi Mandi. Minimum 11.11% mean disease index was found in G-9 market (Table 2).
The above results show that the potato black scurf infested potato tubers are randomly distributed in the market. No matter how sophisticated communities are around markets. This is because the potato tubers are mostly covered with soil at the time of purchase and hence the disease does not appear clearly on tubers. Therefore, buyers are least concerned for the disease. Many consumers even don’t know that black scurf is a disease or a fungal fruiting body. The maximum disease index was found in F-10 and G-10 which are very high standard markets of Federal Capital Territory.
Table 2: Mean disease index (%) in the markets of federal capital territory.
| No. | Location | Mean disease index (%) |
| 1 | G-11 | 20.56 |
| 2 | Aabpara | 13.33 |
| 3 | G-10 | 21.11 |
| 4 | G-9 | 11.11 |
| 5 | Sabzi mandi | 12.22 |
| 6 | Chattha Bakhtawar | 17.22 |
| 7 | F-10 | 21.11 |
| 8 | Near Metro mall | 17.78 |
| 9 | F-11 | 15.56 |
This also shows that potato black scurf can be a threat when potato is in the form of plant and no tubers are produces because it causes shortening, girdling and bunching of stem (Ahmed et al., 1995). This study also indicate that the black scurf free potatoes are hard to be found in the markets. Similarly, disease is prevailing in the maximum potato growing areas of Pakistan as potato is brought from different parts and regions of the country to the Federal territory.
Author’s Contribution
Muhammad Abu Bakar Siddique: Abstract and Methodology.
Faisal Sohail Fateh: Idea conceived and technical input.
Zia-Ur-Rehman: Conclusions.
Humayun Saleem: Collection of data.
Conflict of interest
The authors have declared no conflict of interest.
References
Ahmad, I., S. Iftikhar, M.H. Soomro, S. Hameed and S. Khalid. 1995. Diseases of potato in Sindh, Pakistan during 1994, CDRI-PSPDP, PARC, Islamabad, Pakistan, pp. 35.
Anwar, D., D. Shabbir, M.H. Shahid and W. Samreen. 2015. Determinants of potato and its forecasting: A case study of Punjab, Pakistan, University Library of Munich, Germany. https://mpra.ub.unimuenchen.de/.
Banville, G.J., D.E. Carling and B.E. Otrysko. 1996. Rhizoctonia disease on potato. In: B. Sneh, S. Jabaji-Hare, Neate, G. Dijst, eds. Rhizoctonia species. Taxonomy, Mol. Biol. Ecol. Pathol. Dis. Control. Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Kluwer Acad., pp. 321- 330. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2901-7_29
Campion, C., C. Chatot, B. Perraton and D. Andrivon. 2003. Anastomosis groups, pathogenicity and sensitivity to fungicides of Rhizoctonia solani isolates collected on potato crops in France. Eur. J. Plant Pathol., 109: 983-992. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:EJPP.0000003829.83671.8f
FAO, 2019. FAOSTAT. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy. http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/.
GoP. 2018. Area, production of fruit, vegetables and condiments statistics of Pakistan, Minist. Natl. Food Secur. Res., pp. 1-10.
Jeger, M.J., G.A. Hide, P.H.J.F. Van Den Boogert, A.J. Termorshuizen and P. Van Baarlen. 1996. Pathology and control of soil-borne fungal pathogens of potato. Potato Res., 39: 437-469. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02357949
Khan, M.A. and S.L. Khan. 2010. Potential market of potato report by trade development authority of Pakistan.
Khan, R.A., S. Iftikhar, A. Rafi, S. Riaz and I. Ahmad. 1995. Distribution and incidence of tuber diseases of potato in Swat valley, National Seminar on Research and Development of Potato Production in Pakistan, NARC, PSPDP, PARC, Islamabad, pp. 16.
Larkin, R.P. and C.W. Honeycutt. 2006. Effects of different 3-year cropping systems on soil microbial communities and Rhizoctonia Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci (2017) 6(10): 4981-4994 4992 diseases of potato. Phytopathol., 96: 68-79. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-96-0068
Majeed, A., Z. Chaudhry and Z, Muhammad. 2014. Variation in the aggressiveness of Phytophthora infestans pathotypes collected from different potato fields of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Pakistan Int. J. Agric. Biol., 16(4): 807-812.
Memon, A.N., 2017. Potato: An important food crop in Pakistan, Dean FBMS; Metropolitan University, Karachi. pp. 15.
Powelson, M.L., K.B. Johnson and R.C. Rowe. 1993. Management of diseases caused by soil-borne pathogens. In: Rowe RC. (ed) Potato Health Management. St Paul, MN, APS Press, pp. 149–156.
Rauf, C.A., M. Ashraf and I. Ahmad. 2007. Occurrence and distribution of black scurf of potato in Pakistan, Pak. J. Bot., 39(4): 1341-1352.
Spooner, D.M., K. McLean, G. Ramsay, R. Waugh and G.J.A. Bryan. 2005. Single domestication for potato based on multilocus amplified fragment length polymorphism genotyping, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., 102(41):14694-14699. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0507400102
Tsror, L., 2010. Biology, epidemiology and management of Rhizoctonia solani on Potato. J. Phytopathol., 158: 649-658. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0434.2010.01671.x
Tsror, L. and I. Peretz-Alon. 2005. The influence of the inoculum source of Rhizoctonia solani on development of black scurf on potato, J. Phytopathol., 153(4): 240-244. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0434.2005.00962.x
To share on other social networks, click on any share button. What are these?
